Oils Fats And Fuels Author:Thomas Hull OILS, FATS, AND FUELS BY THOMAS HULL Double Honours, Chemistry, South Kensington 5 Science Mastefj Atkinson Road Junior Day Technical School, Newcastle-on-Tyne BLACKIE AND SON LIMITED 50 OLD BAILEY LONDON GLASGOW AND BOMBAY 1921 PREFACE This book is intended for the use of students in Day and Evening Technical Schools and Classes, Every endeavou... more »r has been made to place before the student who requires a good general knowledge of the subjects included, as full information as space permits. It does not profess to be a work on pure chemistry, and, except in one or two cases, chemical formulae and equations have been purposely omitted. It is hoped, however, that nothing of importance has been left out, and that the book will be found useful to teachers and students. The writer wishes to express his deep obligation for the invaluable assistance he has received, and desires to thank his colleagues, J, W. Hepple, Esq., B. Litt, for the drawings for Figures i, 2, 5, 6, 20, 26, 27, and D. R. Davies, Esq., for the drawing for Figure 25, and the following manufacturers and firms for drawings, photo graphs, and descriptive matter Messrs, Greenwood B alley Ltd., Leeds, Messrs, Rose, Dmms Thompson, Ltd,, Hull The Power-Gas Corporation, Ltd,, Stockton-on-Tees. Messrs, W, J, Fraser Co, Ltd,, Romford, The Oil Well Engimmug Co,, Ltd n Stockport. The Hull Oil Manufacturing Co., Ltd,, Hull Messrs, Lever Bros,, M, Port Sunlight, Brett s Oil Co,, Ltd Newcastk-on-Tyne, The Anglo-American Oil Co,, Lti London The Scottish Oil Agency, Ud. Glasgow. The Successors to Ike Otto Coke Oven Co,, Ltd n Manchester. Messrs. Blackie Son Ltd Glasgow. Messrs, Banks Co., Ud t Edinburgh, Messrs. mn Hunter William Richardson, Wctllsenion-Tyw. He also acknowledges assistance from the following works Levfkowitschs Oils and Fats Redwoods Petroleum Greenes British Mineral Oils Philips Achievements of Chemical Science Brands Fuel Report of Fuel Research Board CONTENTS OILS AND FATS CHAP. Page I. CLASSIFICATION OF OILS AND FATS i GROUP A, FATTY OILS AND SOLID FATS - 3 II, PROPERTIES OF FATTY OILS AND SOLID FATS - - 7 III. COMMERCIAL PRODUCTION OF OILS AND FATS - n I. Preparation of Oils and Fats by u Rendering - n II. ,, ,, Expression - 12 III. Extraction of Oils and Fats by means of Volatile Solvents 14 IV, VEGETABLE OILS - - - - - . - - 18 1. Drying-Oils 18 2. Semi-drying Oils 20 3. Non-drying-Oils 22 V, ANIMAL OILS 26 1. Marine Animal Oils 26 2, Land Animal Oils 29 VI. SOLID FATS AND WAXES 31 Solid Fats 31 1. Vegetable Fats 32 2, Animal Fats 36 Waxes - 39 1. Solid Waxes - 39 2. Liquid Waxes 39 VII. GROUP B. - ESSENTIAL OILS 41 VIIL GROUP C. MiNERAL OILS OR ROCK OILS - 44 i, NATURAL MINERAL OILS - - M viii CONTENTS CHAP. Page IX. PETROLEUM PRODUCTS 51 X, 2. ARTIFICIAL MINERAL OILS 56 XI, TECHNOLOGY OF OILS AND FATS - - . - 64 1. Edible Oils and Fats 65 2. Burning-Oils 67 3. The Paint Manufacture, c. - - - - 67 4. The Candle Industry 69 5. The Soap Manufacture 70 XII. LUBRICANTS 74 Use of Oil for Lubricating Purposes - - - 74 1. Fatty Oils, Solid Fats, and Liquid Waxes - 75 2. Mineral Oils -------75 3. Blended Oils 76 4. Greases and Solid Lubricants - - - 77 FUELS XIII. COMBUSTION 81 XIV. CALORIFIC VALUES 86 XV. COAL AND OTHER SOLID FUELS - - - - 90 A. SOLID FUELS 90 XVI. PROPERTIES AND USES OF COAL .... 97 XVII. COKING OF COAL 104 XVIII. B. LIQUID FUELS no I. LIQUID FUELS FOR EXTERNAL COMBUSTION - in XIX. II. LIQUID FUELS FOR INTERNAL - COMBUSTION ENGINES - n8 XX. C. GASEOUS FUELS 125 L GASEOUS FUELS OF HIGH CALORIFIC VALUE - 128 XXI. II. GASEOUS FUELS OF Low CALORIFIC VALUE - 132 ANSWERS ---------141 PROPERTIES OF FATS 7 QUESTIONS ON CHAPTER I 1. Why is sugar a fattening food 2. The solidifying-point of olive oil is 2 C. If a test tube containing-a small quantity of olive oil were placed upright in broken ice, what would happen 3. Cane sugar contains 6 43 per cent of hydrogen. What weights of hydrogen and oxygen are contained in i ton of cane sugar 4...« less