Six Radical Thinkers Author:John Maccunn SIX RADICAL THINKERS BENTHAM, J. S. MILL, COBDEN, CARLYLE, MAZZINI, T. H. GREEN BY JOHN MAC CUNN, LL. D raoraBBOB OF PHILOSOPHY is THB TOIVZBSITY 07 LIVXBPOOL SECOND IMPRESSION LONDON EDWARD ARNOLD 41 48 MADDOX STBEBT, BOND STREET, W. 1910 IAU righto wertwi CONTENTS CHAP. PAGE I. BENTHAM AND HIS PHILOSOPHY OF BEPORM . 3 II. THE UTILITABIAN OPTIM... more »ISM OF JOHN STUABT MILL ....... 39 III. THE OOBDENITE DOCTRINES OP TRAPS AND IV. THE ANTI-DEMOCBATIO RADICALISM OP THOMAS OAKLTLB . . . . 141 V. THE BELIOIOUS RADICALISM OP MAZZHTI . 185 VI. THE POLITICAL IDEALISM OP T. H. GREEN-. 215 INDEX ........ 367 TO W. P. K JEREMY BENTHAM BENTHAM AND HIS PHILOSOPHY OF REFORM UNDER a government of good laws, asks Bentham, what is the motto of a good citizen He answers To obey punctually, to censure freely and few men have more faithfully lived up to their words. It began early. I learnt nothing, he says of his undergraduate days at Oxford. We just went to the foolish lectures of our tutors to be taught something of logical jargon. But he said worse things of his university than this. It is an often-told story how, against scruples of conscience, he was constrained to affix the necessary signature to the Thirty-nine Articles then exacted at the beginning of a university career He was then but twelve and a half possibly the college authorities may have thought the boy made too much of his conscience, and too little of the Articles. Yet we know, from his own words, that on that precocious and sensitive mind an impression was made which lasted for life. He said many bitter things about Tests in his lifetime one was that the streets of Oxford were paved with perjury. Nor did the social oppor tunities, so justly prized in the life of the old uni versities, make amends for other disgusts. He had Bo wrings u Life of Bentham is a quarry of material both in respect of life and doctrines. 4 SIX EADICAL THINKERS fellow-students of course. But short is their shrift They were all either stupid or dissipated. His final experience of the university was in keeping. After graduating he returned cetat 16 to attend the lectures of Blackstone and in due course to do his best, in his Fragment on Government, to demolish the lecturer. It is the same story when he passed from the uni versity to the bar. He had no liking for the profession to begin with and very soon, as he tells us, he did his best to put to death, and not without success, the cases which his anxious father had, as a solicitor, thrown in his way. He and his practice parted, with willing ness on both sides. But there is a sequel. If the reader will turn to the copious index to Bowrings edition of Benthams Works, he will find under the head, Lawyers, the following among other items Lawyers, interest of, in the incognoscibility of the law. Mendacity licence of. The only persons in whom ignorance of the law is not punished. Least of all men exposed to the operations of humanity. Opinion of, that cheap justice is had, and dear justice good. Knowledge of, confined to the corrupt part of human nature. Accessories to the crimes they defend. Their interest in technical jargon. The last item is even more eloquent Lawyer incidentally animadverted on with 156 citations. It had been the dearest ambition of Benthams pushing father to educate his son to be a great lawyer. He even, we know, had views, which the astonishing precocity of the boy might well justify, of the woolsack But sons dispose where fathers propose. The product was the most subversive critic that English law and lawyers have ever had to encounter. JEREMY BENTHAM 5 It was not otherwise when lie came to mix in society. When lie left the bar he seemed to have passed into the obscurity of failure his father, he tells us, was always out of spirits for my want of success. But he was working, he was producing, and it was in the theory of the very subject in which all his acquaintance had set him down as a final failure...« less