Beatrix Potter was born in South Kensington, London on 28 July 1866. Educated at home by a succession of governesses, she had little opportunity to mix with other children. Even her younger brother, Bertram, was rarely at home; he was sent as a boy to boarding school, leaving Beatrix alone with her many pets.

She had frogs, newts, ferrets and even a pet bat. She also had two rabbits...the first was Benjamin Bouncer or Bounce, whom she described as "an impudent, cheeky little thing", while the second was Peter Piper, whom she took everywhere with her on a little lead, even on the occasional outing. Potter watched the animals for hours on end, sketching them and developing her abilities as an artist.

Beatrix Potter's family on her father's side were Unitarians who came from Glossop in Derbyshire. Her father, Rupert William Potter (1832—1914), son of the industrialist and Member of Parliament, Edmund Potter, was educated in Manchester and trained as a barrister in London. Rupert married Helen Leech (1839—1932), the daughter of a cotton merchant, at Gee Cross on 8 August 1863 and the couple set up home in London. When not working, Rupert spent much of his time at various gentleman's clubs and Helen spent her time visiting or receiving visitors. The family was supported by both parents' inherited incomes.

Every summer, Rupert Potter would rent a country house; Dalguise House in Perthshire, Scotland for the eleven summers of 1871 to 1881, then later, Lindeth Howe in the English Lake District where Potter later illustrated The Tale of Timmy Tiptoes and The Tale of Pigling Bland. In 1882, the family met the local vicar, Canon Hardwicke Rawnsley, who was deeply worried about the effects of industry and tourism on the Lake District. He would later found the National Trust in 1895, to help protect the countryside. Potter had immediately fallen in love with the rugged mountains and dark lakes. Through Rawnsley, she learned the importance of trying to conserve the region, a sensibility that stayed with her for life.

Scientific aspirations and work on fungi

When Potter came of age, her parents appointed her as their housekeeper and discouraged any intellectual development, instead requiring her to supervise the household. From the age of 15 until she was past 30, she recorded her everyday life in journals, using her own secret code which was not decoded until 20 years after her death.

Her uncle attempted to introduce her as a student at the Royal Botanic Gardens at Kew, but she was rejected because she was a woman. Potter was later one of the first to suggest that lichens were a symbiotic relationship between fungi and algae. As, at the time, the only way to record microscopic images was by painting them, Potter made numerous drawings of lichens and fungi. As the result of her observations, she was widely respected throughout England as an expert mycologist. She also studied spore germination and life cycles of fungi. Potter's set of detailed watercolours of fungi, numbering some 270 completed by 1901, is in the Armitt Library, Ambleside.

In 1897, her paper "On the Germination of Spores of Agaricineae" was presented to the Linnean Society by her uncle Sir Henry Enfield Roscoe, as women were barred from attending meetings. (In 1997, the Society issued a posthumous official apology to Potter for the way she had been treated.) The Royal Society also declined to publish at least one of her technical papers. She lectured at the London School of Economics several times.

Literary career

Potter had drawn, for her own enjoyment, illustrations for Joel Chandler Harris's Uncle Remus stories, and she was probably inspired by these as well as by the European tradition of animal fables going back to Aesop. The basis of her many projects and stories were the small animals which she smuggled into the house or observed during family holidays in Scotland and the Lake District. When she was 27 and on one such holiday in Scotland, in a letter dated 4 September 1893 she sent a picture and story letter about rabbits to Noel Moore, the five-year-old son of her last governess, Annie Carter Moore. Moore was the first to recognize the literary and commercial value of Potter's picture and story letter and encouraged her to publish the story. She borrowed back the letter in 1901, developed and expanded the tale, and made it into the book titled The Tale of Peter Rabbit and Mr. McGregor's Garden.

She sent her slightly rewritten picture letters to six publishers, but was turned down by all of them. The primary complaint from all of them was the lack of colour pictures, which were popular at the time. In September 1901, she decided to self-publish and distribute 250 copies of a renamed The Tale of Peter Rabbit. Later that year, because the colour printing blocks were already created and other children’s books were popular, she finally attracted the publisher Frederick Warne & Co. The publishing contract was signed in June 1902 and, by the end of the year, 28,000 copies were in print. Later, the character Peter Rabbit was patented and produced as a soft toy in 1903. This makes Peter the oldest licensed character.

She followed Peter Rabbit with The Tale of Squirrel Nutkin in 1903, that was also based on an earlier letter to one of the Moore children. Such was the popularity of these and her subsequent books that she gained an independent income from their sales. She also became secretly engaged to the publisher, Norman Warne in 1905, but her parents were set against her marrying a tradesman. Their opposition to the wedding caused a breach between Beatrix and her parents. The wedding was not to be, for soon after the engagement, Norman fell ill of pernicious anemia and died within a few weeks. She was away when he passed on. Beatrix was devastated. She wrote in a letter to his sister, Millie, "He did not live long, but he fulfilled a useful happy life. I must try to make a fresh beginning next year."

Potter eventually wrote 23 small format children's books. Part of the popularity of her books was due to the quality of her illustrations: the animal characters are portrayed as full of personality, but are deeply based in natural actions. Her artistic efforts declined around 1920 due to poor eyesight. The Tale of Little Pig Robinson was published in 1930; however, the actual manuscript was one of the first to be written and much predates this publication date.

Later life: the Lake District and conservation

In July 1905, Potter purchased Hill Top Farm in the village of Sawrey in Lancashire, (now Cumbria), in the Lake District. She loved the landscape, and visited the farm as often as she could, discussing the set-up with farm manager John Cannon. With the steady stream of royalties from her books, she began to buy pieces of land under the guidance of local solicitor William Heelis. In 1913 at the age of 47, Potter married Heelis and moved permanently to Hill Top. Some of Potter's works show the Hill Top farmhouse and the village. The couple had no children.

On moving to the Lake District, Potter began breeding and showing Herdwick sheep. She became a respected farmer, a judge at local agricultural shows, and President of the Herdwick Sheep Breeders' Association. When Potter's parents died, she used her inheritance to buy more farms and tracts of land. After some years, Potter and Heelis moved down into the village of Sawrey, and into Castle Cottage...where the local children knew her for her grumpy demeanour, and called her "Auld Mother Heelis". Her letters of the time reflect her increasing concerns with her sheep, preservation of farmland, and World War II.

Beatrix Potter died at Castle Cottage in Sawrey on 22 December 1943. She was cremated at Carleton Crematorium, Blackpool, and her ashes were scattered in the countryside near Sawrey.

In her will, Potter left almost all of her property to the National Trust...4,000 acres (16 km²) of land, cottages, and 15 farms. The legacy has helped ensure that the Lake District and the practice of fell farming remain unspoiled to this day. Her properties now lie within the Lake District National Park. The Trust's 2005 Swindon headquarters are named "Heelis" in her honour.

Potter's manuscripts, original drawings, and illustrations passed to the National Trust following the death of her husband. Beatrix Potter Gallery, a gallery run by the National Trust and situated in a 17th-century Lake District townhouse (once the office of William Heelis) in Hawkshead, Cumbria, England, now displays her work.

Walt Disney tried to obtain the rights to Beatrix Potter's work, as he had done with Winnie-the-Pooh and The Wind in the Willows, but Potter declined the offer. The works remained printed alone almost until the copyright was due to expire, decades after Potter's death.

Television

In 1982, the BBC produced The Tale of Beatrix Potter. This dramatisation of her life was written by John Hawkesworth and directed by Bill Hayes. It starred Holly Aird and Penelope Wilton as the young and adult Beatrix respectively.

In 1992, BBC Warner produced an animated series based on the stories of Beatrix Potter, called The World of Peter Rabbit and Friends. The entire series was released individually on VHS and later released on DVD as The Beatrix Potter Collection.

In 2010, Potter's publisher Frederick Warne and its licensing agent Chorion announced plans to update the characters for a TV series set to air around the world in 2011.

Films and stage

In 1971, The Tales of Beatrix Potter directed by Reginald Mills was released and nominated for Best Art Direction and Best Costume Design at the British Academy Film Awards. Several of the Tales were set to music, with choreography by Frederick Ashton and it featured dancers from the Royal Ballet, London, dancing in animal costumes to the musical score of John Lanchbery performed by the Orchestra of the Royal Opera House. The Tale of Pigling Bland was turned into a musical theatrical production by Suzy Conn and was first performed on July 6, 2006 at the Toronto Fringe Festival in Toronto, Canada.

In 2006, Miss Potter, a biographical film starring Renée Zellweger, was released on December 3. It was written by Richard Maltby, Jr. and directed by Chris Noonan. The character of Norman Warne was played by Ewan McGregor, while that of William Heelis was played by Lloyd Owen. Beatrix as a young girl was played by Lucy Boynton.

Books

The mystery writer Susan Wittig Albert is publishing a 9 volume series featuring a fictionalised Beatrix Potter as the detective, "The Cottage Tales of Beatrix Potter" focusing on the period of her life between her fiancé's death in 1905 and her marriage to William Heelis in 1913.

The 23 Tales

• The Tale of Peter Rabbit (1902)
• The Tale of Squirrel Nutkin (1903)
• The Tailor of Gloucester (1903)
• The Tale of Benjamin Bunny (1904)
• The Tale of Two Bad Mice (1904)
• The Tale of Mrs. Tiggy-Winkle (1905)
• The Tale of the Pie and the Patty-Pan (1905)
• The Tale of Mr. Jeremy Fisher (1906)
• The Story of A Fierce Bad Rabbit (1906)
• The Story of Miss Moppet (1906)
• The Tale of Tom Kitten (1907)
• The Tale of Jemima Puddle-Duck (1908)
• The Tale of Samuel Whiskers or, The Roly-Poly Pudding (1908)
• The Tale of the Flopsy Bunnies (1909)
• The Tale of Ginger and Pickles (1909)
• The Tale of Mrs. Tittlemouse (1910)
• The Tale of Timmy Tiptoes (1911)
• The Tale of Mr. Tod (1912)
• The Tale of Pigling Bland (1913)
• Appley Dapply's Nursery Rhymes (1917)
• The Tale of Johnny Town-Mouse (1918)
• Cecily Parsley's Nursery Rhymes (1922)
• The Tale of Little Pig Robinson (1930)

Other books

• Peter Rabbit's Painting Book (1911)
• Tom Kitten's Painting Book (1917)
• Jemima Puddle-Duck's Painting Book (1925)
• Peter Rabbit's Almanac for 1929 (1928)
• The Fairy Caravan (1929)
• Sister Anne (illustrated by Katharine Sturges) (1932)
• Wag-by-Wall (decorations by J. J. Lankes) (1944)
• The Tale of the Faithful Dove (illustrated by Marie Angel) (1955, 1970)
• The Sly Old Cat (written 1906; first published 1971)

Letters and Journal

• Crowell Morse, Jane (ed.) and Beatrix Potter, Beatrix Potter's Americans: Selected Letters, Horn Book, Inc., 1982
• Linder, Leslie (ed.) and Beatrix Potter, The Journal of Beatrix Potter, 1881-1897, F. Warne & Co, 1990 (first deciphered from code in 1958)
• Taylor, Judy (ed.) and Beatrix Potter, Beatrix Potter's Letters, F. Warne & Co, 1992
• Taylor, Judy (ed.) and Beatrix Potter, Letters to Children from Beatrix Potter, F. Warne & Co, 1992

Art studies

• (collection of 200 of Potter's paintings, a catalogue of the Dulwich Picture Gallery exhibition of 2005)
• Jay, Eileen, Mary Noble & Anne Stevenson Hobbs, A Victorian Naturalist: Beatrix Potter's Drawings from the Armitt Collection, F. Warne & Co, 1992
• Taylor, Judy, Joyce Irene Whalley, Anne Stevenson Hobbs & Elizabeth M. Battrick, Beatrix Potter, 1866-1943: The Artist and Her World, F. Warne & Co, 1987 (ISBN 978-0723235613) (a companion to the Tate Gallery Exhibition)

Biographical studies

• Denyer, Susan, Beatrix Potter: At Home in the Lake District (2000) (biographical, plus photography of Potter's Lake District)
• Taylor, Judy, "Potter, (Helen) Beatrix (1866—1943)", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004 accessed 14 Jan 2007

Fictional works

• Maltby, Richard, Miss Potter: The Novel (2006) (ISBN 978-0723258612) (novelization of the film)
• Pearce, Garth, The Making of Miss Potter (2006) (ISBN 978-0723258636) (book about the making of the film)
• Talbot, Bryan, The Tale of One Bad Rat (1996) (ISBN 978-1569711279) (graphic novel about a teenager who runs away from an abusive home and finds solace in her love of the Beatrix Potter books and the Lake District)