Story from many years ago (I'm an oldz).  Mankind is ruled by mechanical Monitors thru mental controls. Ruthlessly track down people with PSI and dispatch them.  Small group of people with physic ability escape, and once out of the reach of the Monitors, discover there is one on board.    

Are you possibly thinking of the Psi-Corps novels which are spin-offs of Babylon 5?  There's a trilogy:

• Dark Genesis: The Birth of the Psi Corps
• Deadly Relations: Bester Ascendant (Babylon 5)
• Final Reckoning: The Fate of Bester

Elizabeth - thanks for the hint, but I am sure this story isn't related to  the Babylon 5 universe.  This was a LONG time ago, probably as early as the 60's altho maybe the 70's.   Probably in an anthology, but I can't recall.

There is a Teen Fiction novel, http://www.paperbackswap.com/Glitch-Heather-Anastasiu/book/1250002990/ , called Glitch that sounds similar to the story you described.   Everybody has implants in their brain, to suppress emotion, and monitors behaviors.   But some kids lose the link, and begin to develop extra abilities.  It's probably not what your looking for though, because it is fairly new.