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Irrigation And Drainage; Principles And Practice Of Their Cultural Phases
Irrigation And Drainage Principles And Practice Of Their Cultural Phases Author:F. H. King IRRIGATION AND DRAINAGE PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE OF THERE CULTURAL PHASES - 1907 - PREFACE - MOST works on irrigation have been written from the legal or sociological standpoint, or from that of the engineer, rather than - from the cultural phases of the subject. The effort is made here to present in a broad yet specific way the fu rdainental pri... more »nciples which underlie the methods of culture by irrigation and drainage. Distinctively engineering principles and problerns, as such, liave been avoided, and so have those of plant husbandry. The aiin has been to deal with those relations of water to soils and to plants wilich must be grasped ill order to permit a rational practice of applying, removing or conserving soil moisture in crop production. The inlmediately practical problems, from the farmers, fruit-growers and gardeners stanclpoints, with the principles which underlie them, are presented in as concrete and concise a manner as appears needful to build up a hational practice of irrigation culture and farm drainage and the effort has been to broaden the conceptions of general soil v tnanagernrl t, pveli n . 1 1 1 1 nritlin. irrigation 11o1 illmid clitiliitt s i l l this o r illid in Europe, to gtti l a 1 roacler view of cl entiiilti rtttils. aud to largely as photo - t iigravi x i l s l . the hope of gt t t i ng caloser to the spirit of thtl s11I joct. Free use has been mwdo of all avai1til le literatnre on t11e sul ject, and crrclit is given throughout the bodv of the text to various n. 1-iters wit1 March. 1899. CONTENTS INTRODUCTION pages 1-65 PAQES Definition of irrigation and drainage - Importance of water in crop production - Plants adapted to intermittent watering - Variation in the capacity of soils for water - Adaptation of plants to soils of different water capacity - Variations in soils and in rainfall may make irrigation or drainage needful - Better aeration and deeper root feeding in arid soils-E planat ions not entirely satisfactory ............................................... 1-9 The Advantages of Abundant Supply of Soil Hoisture.-Large volumes of water generally needed - Part played by water in crop produc6on-Relation to plant life-Relation to soil microbes - Rains and irrigation may start formation of nitrates by diluting soil moisture - Relation of drainage to development of nitrates and soil fertility - Soil water dissolves ash ingredients of plant-food-Water causes oxygen, carbon dioxide and nitrogen to enter the soil ............................................... B 15 Vater only One of the Necessary Plant-foods.-Difference in value of water for plant-food - More water used than any other substance.. ................................. 15,16 Amount of Water Used by P1ar ts.-Relation of climate to wat, er used-Treatment of soil affects amount of water used - Irrigation and drainage modify amount of soil moisture-Apparatus used in measuring water used by plants - Aims of the experiment8 - First trials with oat, s, barley and maize - Field results with maize - Changes of soil moisture in field - Experiments with oats and barley - Experiments of 1893 to 1896.. ................. 16 - 38 vii . . m v111 Corttelzts PAGES Variations in the Amount of Water Used by Plants.-Two years compared - Field and plant-house yields compared - Loss of water in a saturated air - Amount of water required to produce one ton of dry matter.. ........... 39-46 The Mechanigm and Method of Transpiration in Plants...« less