John Kennedy Toole was born to John Dewey Toole Jr. and Thelma Ducoing Toole. Kennedy was the name of Thelma's grandmother. The first Ducoing arrived in Louisiana from France in the early 19th century, and the Tooles emigrated to America from Ireland during the potato famine of the 1840s. Toole's father worked as a car salesman, and his mother, forced to give up her teaching job when she married (as was the custom), gave private lessons in music and dramatic expression, with a specialty in elocution. Toole was known to friends and family as "Ken" until the final few months of his life, during which he insisted on being called John. As a child, Toole had an intense affection for his black nursemaid Beulah Matthews, who was employed by the Ducoing family and cared for him when his parents were both working.

Toole's mother was a lively, charming woman but one who was also egotistical and controlling, especially with her son. Toole's father was less involved and sometimes complained of his lack of influence relative to his wife in their child's upbringing. a local radio show called "Telekids", and his own one man show of comic impressions entitled Great Lovers of the World.

Although he was an excellent student, Toole reduced his stage work when he entered high school to concentrate on his academic work. He wrote for the school newspaper, worked on the yearbook, and won several essay contests on subjects such as the Louisiana Purchase and the American Merchant Marine. Following in his father's footsteps, Toole learned to debate and was invited to speak at gatherings of civic organizations such as Kiwanis and rotary clubs. Toole's father bought him an Oldsmobile and Toole was delivering newspapers in his car at the age of 13, even though the legal driving age at the time was 15. Toole spent a lot of time at the home of classmate Larry McGee's during his high school years, and dated McGee's sister, Jane. Jane later said that Toole never wanted to go home and would purposefully spend almost all of his free time at the McGees'. With the McGees, Toole would engage in mischievous pranks and go on double dates with Larry and his girlfriend Buzz. The quartet often spent their free time at the local pool, or cruising around in Toole's car.

As a teenager in 1954, Toole made his first trip out of Louisiana to New York City, Philadelphia, and Washington D.C. on a school field trip. He especially enjoyed New York City and filled a valued scrapbook with pictures from his visit which included trips on the New York Subway System, on an excursion boat in the New York Harbor, visits to the Statue of Liberty, Chinatown, Times Square, and the program from a performance of the "Rockettes" he had seen.

Toole maintained an high marks throughout high school and received many accolades including being chosen for the National Honor Society, winning a National Merit Scholarship, and being named the Most Intelligent Senior Boy by the student body. He received a full scholarship to Tulane University at 17.

During his senior year of high school Toole wrote The Neon Bible a short novel of Southern Gothic Fiction that has been compared in style to Flannery O'Connor, a favorite author of Toole's. The book's protagonist, a boy named David, had once lived with his family in a "little white house in town that had a real roof you could sleep under when it rained," before his father lost his job forcing them into a small shoddily built home. Set in 1940's Mississippi, the backwoods Baptist community setting is similar to a location where Toole had once traveled to with a high school classmate for a literary contest. The novel's sudden outburst of violence at the end has been described as incongruous with what has preceded it.

Toole later described the novel during correspondence with an editor, "In 1954, when I was 16, I wrote a book called The Neon Bible, a grim, adolescent, sociological attack upon the hatreds caused by the various Calvinist religions in the South...and the fundamentalist mentality is one of the roots of what was happening in Alabama, etc. The book, of course, was bad, but I sent it off a couple of times anyway." It failed to attract interest from publishers and was not released until after Toole's death.

In high school Toole, as editor of the school newspaper, had written a section of gossip and wit under a pseudonym entitled Fish Tales, and while at Tulane he worked on the college newspaper, the Hullabaloo, writing articles, reviewing books, and drawing cartoons. The cartoons were noted for their subtlety and sophistication. When Toole first arrived at Tulane he majored in Engineering on the recommendation of his father, however he changed his major to English after a few weeks, stating "I'm losing my culture" to his mother in explanation. Around this time, Toole began hanging around a local blues band which performed at area high schools and also around the French Quarter, and the Irish Channel. Toole's classmates and family looked down at the French Quarter as being for tourists and the Irish Channel as being a place for low lifes, so Toole kept his trips there a secret. His closest friend was guitarist Don Stevens, nicknamed "Steve Cha-Cha", with whom he bonded over their shared love of Blues music and Beat poets. Stevens also had a side job pushing a hot tamale cart around town, and on days when he was unavailable for work, Toole would fill in for him. According to Stevens bandmate Sidney Snow, Toole loved eating the Tamales. Toole later used these experiences as material when writing his novel A Confederacy of Dunces, whose protagonist Ignatius J. Reilly pushes a hot dog cart around town ordinarily eating most of the profits. Also, like Ignatius J. Reilly, Toole later worked at a family business that manufactured men's clothing. He worked for J.B. Tonkel, who married one of the Haspel daughters. "Ken watched the Haspel's business dealings with great interest, absorbing and remembering their troubles and intrigues," and he later constructed the similar Levy Pants Company in Dunces, with Gus Levy and his wife becoming significant supporting characters in the novel.In 1958, Toole enrolled in Columbia University on a Woodrow Wilson Fellowship to study English Literature. He took on a heavy workload so that he could obtain his Masters in a single year. In his free time he dated Ruth Kathmann, another student from Tulane, who was studying journalism at Columbia. The couple would go dancing at the Roseland Ballroom as the $2.00 entrance fee allowed them to dance all night and suited their limited budget. There is some question as to whether they were engaged with friends claiming they were but Kathmann saying only that Toole asked her to marry him, but she said no. After he returned to New Orleans they rarely saw each other and she married another man. Toole wrote his Masters essay on Elizabethan poet John Lyly, which was made easier by the fact that he had also written his honors thesis at Tulane on Lyly.

Toole returned home in 1959 to spend a year as assistant professor of English at the University of Louisiana at Lafayette (then University of Southwestern Louisiana). Joel L. Fletcher, a close friend of Toole's noted, "Ken has a real gift for mimicry and a refined sense of the absurd...The English Faculty at USL which is divided into several camps of war, both fear and court Ken because of his biting comic talent." This year is generally considered one of the happiest of his life. While at USL he rented a dilapidated apartment from an elderly and eccentric widow on Convent street. Toole described the apartment in "Conradian metaphor" to friends.

He was in constant demand and went to all the parties where it was said "he was encouraged and sometimes forced to perform, Ken would enter a room armed with quiver full of sharp stories and barbed one-liners. He would zing these out until his audience was weak with laughter, though he hadn't cracked a smile." Because he was saving for a return trip to Columbia to get his Ph.D, Toole was a notorious skinflint during his year at USL. His friends noticed this and forced him to pay for and throw a party at his home. The party was a success and generally considered the best party given that year. In contrast to this image of an outgoing, lively young man, when Toole's mother came to visit, friends noticed that he became sullen and withdrawn. His friend Pat Rickels commented that Thelma "was absolutely convinced that he was without flaw and that all the hopes of the world lay in him. It was an extreme form of maternalism, where all your pride and all your hopes are in one person. He had to grow up with that burden. She was a very, ostentatious, shrill, loud-voiced, bossy, bragging woman."It was at USL that Toole met Bob Byrne an eccentric English professor, who is considered one of the primary inspirations for Ignatius J. Reilly. Byrne specialized in the medieval period, and he and Toole frequently discussed the philosopher Boethius and the wheel of Fortuna, as described in Boethius' Consolation of Philosophy. Boethius was Ignatius J. Reilly's favorite philosopher in Confederacy of Dunces, and he frequently referred to Fortuna and Consolation of Philosophy. Like Ignatius, Byrne was a self-admitted devoted slob who played the lute, and also wore a deerstalker hunting cap, which Toole frequently chided him about.

When he wasn't studying or on the faculty party circuit, Toole frequented country bars and drank beer. He would usually listen to singer Frances Faye, whom he had once seen perform in New York City. On several occasions while listening to her music with friends he allegorically remarked, "Is Frances Faye God?" He was also an avid Marylin Monroe fan who was devastated by her suicide and once described his interest in her as having "reached the stage of obsession".

Toole's next academic post was in New York City, where he taught at Hunter College becoming at 22 the youngest professor ever to teach at Hunter. Although he pursued a doctorate at Columbia, he became unhappy with his Ph.D. However, he wrote to Fletcher that he still liked Hunter, "principally because the aggressive, pseudo-intellectual, 'liberal' girl students are continuously amusing." Fletcher surmised that from these girls the character of Myrna Minkoff from Dunces was born. Although he was generally only a "Christmas-and-Easter churchgoer" he had some apprehension about the liberal anti-Catholic attitudes of some of his students, and the general search for a cause among them. "Every time the elevator door opens at Hunter, you are confronted by 20 pairs of burning eyes, 20 sets of bangs and everyone waiting for someone to push a Negro" he is reported to have said. When he first arrived back in New York Toole dated Emilie Dietrich Griffin another Louisiana transplant with whom he had worked on the Hullabaloo staff, and later he dated another Louisianian Clayelle Dalferes whom he had learned of through Fletcher. The couple loved the cinema and movie-going was a constant staple of their dates. Both women said their relationships with Toole never progressed beyond the level of a good night kiss.

His studies were interrupted by his being drafted into the U.S. Army in 1961. Toole served two years in Puerto Rico, teaching English to Spanish-speaking recruits. He rose quickly in the military ranks. In under a year, he attained to the rank of Sergeant, and received numerous awards and citations. While serving in Puerto Rico, he frequently traveled throughout the Caribbean, either alone or with members of his company. Toole however, began to dread the repetitiveness of military life and the oppressive heat of Puerto Rico. He described his work there in a letter to a friend:

"The arrival of the trainees in late October has kept me very busy; as the "dean" of the English programs here, I am lost in test scores and averages and in the maze of painfully intricate Army politics and intrigue. I am quite powerful in my own little way and exercise more control over personnel and affairs in general than I had ever suspected I would; over my private telephone I contact headquarters, switching people here and there, waiting, listening, planning. I'm sure I will leave my duty here a completely mad tyrant whose niche in civilian life will be non-existent. In its own lunatic way, this is very entertaining...After a year in Puerto Rico (as of 25 Nov), I find that the positive aspects of that year outweigh the negative. Although this seems like a great cliché, I can say that I have learned a vast amount about humans and their natures...information which I would have enjoyed having earlier. In my own curious way I have risen "meteorically" in the Army without having ever been a decent prospect for military life; but I feel that my very peculiar assignment has been responsible. The insanity and unreality of Puerto Rico itself has been interesting at all times that it was not overwhelming. (great agreement errors in this sentence, I fear). Please write. Ken."

He also engaged in one of the favorite activities of military personnel on the island; alcohol consumption. Both the soldiers and the instructors at the base drank excessively, as alcohol was cheap and plentiful. Toole remarked in another letter to Fletcher, "We are all rotting here at the moment. The decreased draft has meant no trainees since June...the inactivity here, coupled with the remnants of a rainy and enervating summer has (have?) plunged the English instructors into an abyss of drinking and inertia. Occasionally someone will struggle off to the beach or to San Juan, but the maxim here remains, "It's too hot."" When Emilie Griffin paid Toole a visit in December of 1961 she was dismayed at what she saw. Toole was notably depressed and while dining at a local hotel she noted that "the windows on all sides of our table were filled with perfect rainbows. Ken was sitting in a pocket of darkness surrounded by these brilliant colored arches and he never looked at them." Adding to Toole's dismay, his class ring from Tulane turned up missing and he searched everywhere for it, questioning everyone, until concluding that it had been stolen. Disgusted, he wrote home, "It's a wonder I haven't been stabbed yet or paralyzed by intestinal diseases on this insane little geographical mountain top protruding from the Caribbean. However, under any circumstances the loss of the ring affects me deeply."

In the early portion of Toole's military career one of his primary motivations for advancement was to acquire a private office. Privacy was a significant luxury on the island with some of the men going to the lengths of renting rooms in a small hotel near the camp so they could have time alone. Toole's army buddy David Kubach, was also an aspiring writer and he lent him a green Swedish-made Halda typewriter for use in his office. The barracks consisted solely of college educated English professors, which gave it a different makeup from usual army companies. In contrast to almost all other army barracks where gays kept their sexual orientation a secret, there was an openly gay contingent which flaunted their homosexuality. The gay men reserved a portion of the barracks for themselves and as they did not proposition any of the straight instructors, they were left alone. However, the gay men drank much more than the rest of the group and eventually began to exhibit a level of loud, rowdy, and vulgar brand of behavior that made the straight men uncomfortable. Toole's response was to ignore their behavior and it lost him the respect of some of the men in the barracks. The problem came to a head when a gay instructor attempted suicide by overdosing on APC (aspirin, phenacetin, and caffeine) tablets after being spurned by another soldier. When Toole found the man he waited a half hour to call for help, hoping he would awaken on his own. His friend Kubach stated that this was because it would look bad for the soldier and that he would most likely get himself court martialed for a suicide attempt. Some of his fellow soldiers were livid and held a meeting deciding whether to report Toole's negligence. Ultimately, they did not report his behavior and the army never filed any charges but his relationships with many of the men were irrevocably changed.

After this incident, Toole became withdrawn and began spending more and more time in his office typing what would eventually become his master work, A Confederacy of Dunces. It was not a secret that Toole was writing a book, his fellow soldiers could hear the clattering of the typewriter keys well into the night. Although he was secretive about the novel among the other men, Toole showed the early portions of it to Kubach who gave him positive feedback. He later commented that he began to talk and act like Ignatius during this period as he became more and more immersed in the creation of the book. Around this time, Kubach was transferred and took his typewriter with him, so Toole was forced to buy his own.

Toole received a hardship discharge as his parents were having difficult economic times, his father struggling with deafness and increasing feelings of fear and paranoia. He turned down an offer to return to his post at Hunter, and arrived home to a teaching position at Dominican College, a Roman Catholic all female school. He initially liked the position as it allowed him to teach for only 10.5 hours a week and afforded him the same leisure time he had during his less active periods in the service. The nuns on the faculty were enamored with Toole from the start, considering him well mannered, genteel, and charming. He used his free time to work on his novel, and to spend some time with his musician friend Sidney Snow at Snow's home in the Irish Channel and at various night clubs where he would watch Snow and his bandmates perform, among other things, covers of songs by The Beatles. The November 1963 assassination of John F. Kennedy caused Toole to fall into severe depression. He stopped working on his book and drank heavily. It was not until February 1964 that he resumed work, at which point he added an ending and mailed the manuscript to Simon & Schuster.

Dunces has been described as a "grand comic fugue" and one of the seminal works of twentieth century Southern literature. It has received praise for its accurate use of various New Orleans dialects, including the Yat dialect. It concerns protagonist Ignatius J. Reilly a slothful, obese, self-styled philosopher who lives with his mother. After an early financial setback for the Reilly family, caused by Ignatius, he is forced by his mother to seek employment in a variety of menial jobs to help the household financially, a fact which he is continually resentful at her for. He subsequently takes revenge on several businesses for perceived slights. He incites black workers to insurrection at Levy Pants Company, eats more hot dogs than he sells, and attempts to break up a strip club. Along the way he runs into a divergent cast of characters, including Myrna Minkoff a rebellious socialist intellectual that he attended college with, and has an ongoing letter writing correspondence with. Although Reilly is partially modeled after Toole's eccentric friend Bob Byrne, Byrne and others have stated that much of Reilly is actually based on Toole himself:

Ken Toole was a strange person. He was extroverted and private. And that's very difficult. He had a strong...desire to be recognized....but also a strong sense of alienation. That's what you have in Ignatius Reilly.

The book eventually reached senior editor Robert Gottlieb, who had coaxed the then-unknown Joseph Heller into completing the classic comic novel Catch 22. They began a two year correspondence and dialogue over the novel which would ultimately result in bitter disappointment on both sides. Gottlieb felt Toole was undoubtedly talented but was not happy with the book in its original film. He felt that it had one basic flaw which he expressed to Toole in an early letter:

It seems that you understand the problem...the major problem...involved, but think that the conclusion can solve it. More is required, though. Not only do the various threads need resolving,; they can always be tied together conveniently. What must happen is that they must be strong and meaningful all the way through...not merely episodic and then wittily pulled together to make everything look as if it's come out right. In other words, there must be a point to everything you have in the book, a real point, not just amusingness that's forced to figure itself out.

Initially, although Toole was disappointed that the novel could not be published as is, he was exuberant that a major publisher was interested in it. Toole entered his second year of teaching at Dominican as one of the favorite new professors on staff. Students marveled at his wit, Toole would make entire classes burst into laughter while barely showing expression. He never retold a joke or a story, and had many repeat students. Shortly before Christmas break in 1964, Toole received a letter from Gottlieb. In it Gottlieb remarked that he shown the novel to Candida Donadio, a literary agent whose clients included Joseph Heller and Thomas Pynchon. Gottlieb told Toole they felt he was "...wildy funny often, funnier than almost anyone around". And liked the same portions and characters of the book and disliked the same parts as well. Ultimately Gottlieb gave a list of things he did not like concluding with:

But that, all this aside, there is another problem: that with all its wonderfulnesses, the book...even better plotted (and still better plotable)...does not have a reason; it's a brilliant exercise in invention, but unlike CATCH [22] and MOTHER KISSES and V and the others, it isn't really about anything. And that's something no one can do anything about.

Leter on in the letter, Gottlieb stated that he still had faith in Toole as a writer and that he wished to hold onto the manuscript in the event that he or Toole would be able to see a way around his objections. Toole decided that it would be best for Gottlieb to return the manuscript, saying "Aside from a few deletions, I don't think I could really do much to the book now...and of course even with revisions you might not be satisfied." Toole made a trip to New York to see Gottlieb in person, however he was out of town and Toole came back disappointed. He returned home having left a note for Gottlieb to call him and they later talked for an hour on the phone. In this conversation Gottlieb re-iterated that he would not accept the novel without further revision. He suggested that Toole move on to writing another book, an idea which Toole ultimately rejected.

In a long, partially autobiographical letter he sent to Gottlieb in March 1965, Toole explained that he felt he could not give up on the book since he wrote the novel largely from personal observation and the characters were based on real people he had seen in his life.

I don't want to throw these characters away. In other words, I'm going to work on the book again. I haven't been able to look at the manuscript since I got it back, but since something of my soul is in the thing, I can't let it rot without trying.

Gottlieb wrote him an encouraging letter, in which he stated again that he felt Toole was very talented (even more so than himself) and that if Toole were to re-submit the manuscript he would continue to "read, reread, edit, perhaps publish, generally cope, until you are fed up with me. What more can I say?" In early 1966, Toole wrote Gottlieb one final letter, which has never been located. Gottlieb wrote him back on January 17, 1966 concluding their correspondence with a letter where he re-iterated his feelings on the book and stated that he wanted to read it again when Toole created another revision.

Toole took the rejection of the book in his intended form as a tremendous personal blow. He eventually ceased work on Dunces and for a time, left it atop an armoire in his bedroom. He continue to teach at Dominican where he remained a favorite professor among the student body with his classes regularly filling up well before official registration. His "stand-up comedy routines" during lectures were a well known and popular topic around campus. He attempted to work on another novel which he titled The Conqueror Worm which referenced death, as portrayed in Edgar Allen Poe's The Fall of the House of Usher, but he found little peace at home. Toole's mother convinced him to take Dunces to Hodding Carter Jr., who was well known as a reporter and publisher for the Delta Democrat Times in Mississippi, and was spending a semester teaching at Tulane. Carter showed little interest in the book. The face to face rejection Carter dealt Toole drove him further into despair and he became angry with his mother for causing him further embarrassment.Except for a few trips by car to Madison, Wisconsin to see army pal David Kubach, Toole spent most of the last three years of his life at home only leaving to go to Dominican. In the Winter of 1967, Kubach, who had came down to visit Toole, noticed an increased sense of paranoia on Toole's part; once when driving around New Orleans, Toole became convinced they were being followed, and took evasive action to lose the car. The family moved to a larger rental house on Hampson Street, and Toole continued teaching, with his students noticing that his wit had become more acerbic. He continued to drink heavily, and gained a large amount of weight causing him to have to purchase an entirely new wardrobe. Toole began having frequent and intense headaches, and as aspirin was no help, he saw a doctor who gave him Butisol Sodium, a brand of buta-barbital. This treatment was also ineffective, and the doctor suggested Toole see a neurologist, an idea which Toole rejected.

Toole tried to maintain a sense of normalcy and enrolled in Tulane in the fall of 1968 with the hopes of acquiring a Ph.D. He also experienced added grief and heightened paranoia with the assassinations of Robert Kennedy and Martin Luther King Jr. in 1968, and several longtime friends noticed an increasing sense of feelings of personal persecution. Toole went to see his respected friend Bob Byrne at his home in August 1968, where he again expressed sadness and humiliation that his book would not be published. Toole told Byrne that people were passing his home late in the night and honking their car horns at him, students were whispering about him behind his back, and that people were plotting against him. Byrne had a talk with him, which he felt, for the time being, calmed him down.

In the months before his suicide, Toole, who was usually compulsive about his neatness, "began to appear in public unshaved and uncombed, wearing unpolished shoes and wrinkled clothes, to the amazement of his friends and students in New Orleans." He also began to exhibit signs of paranoia, including telling friends that a woman who he erroneously thought had worked for Simon & Schuster was plotting to steal his book so that her husband, the novelist George Deaux, could publish it.

Toole became increasingly erratic during his lectures at Dominican, resulting in frequent student complaints, and was given to rants against church and state. Toward the end of the 1968 fall semester, he was forced to take a leave absence and stopped attending classes at Tulane, resulting in him receiving a grade of incomplete. The Tooles spent Christmas of 1968 in disarray with Toole's father in an increasing state of dementia, and Toole searching the home for electronic recording devices.

When Toole was unable to resume his position at Dominican in January, the school had to hire another professor. This greatly upset his mother and on January 19, 1969 they had a horrible final argument. Toole withdrew $1500 from his saving account and after stopping by the house the next day to pick up some things, spoke only to his father, as Thelma was out at the grocery store. After a week she called the police, but with little to go on they took a report and waited for him to surface. Thelma became convinced that Toole's friends the Rickels knew where he was and called them repeatedly, even though they denied knowing his whereabouts.

Items found in Toole's car show that he drove to the West Coast and then to Milledgeville, Georgia. Here he visited Andalusia, the home of deceased writer Flannery O'Connor. It was during what was assumed to be a trip back to New Orleans that he stopped outside Biloxi, Mississippi, and committed suicide by running a garden hose from the exhaust pipe in through the window of his car on March 26, 1969. His car and person were immaculately clean, and the police officers who found him reported that his face showed no signs of distress. An envelope discovered in the car was marked "to my parents". The suicide note inside the envelope was destroyed by his mother, who later gave varying vague accounts of its details. In one instance she said it expressed his "concerned feeling for her" and later she told a Times-Picayune interviewer that the letter was "bizarre and preposterous. Violent. Ill-fated. Ill-fated. Nothing. Insane ravings." He was buried at Greenwood Cemetery in New Orleans. A few years previous, Toole had driven his army buddy David Kubach to the exact spot where he would later commit suicide. As the location was inconspicuous, Kubach had wondered why Toole had shown it to him. He left his parents a two thousand dollar life insurance policy, several thousand dollars in savings, and his car. Toole's funeral service was private and only attended by his parents and his childhood nursemaid Beulah Matthews. The students and faculty at Dominican were grief stricken at Toole's death and held a memorial service for him in the college courtyard. The head of Dominican gave a short eulogy, however as the institution was Catholic, his suicide was never mentioned.

After his death, Thelma Toole became mired in depression for two years and the manuscript for Dunces remained atop an armoire in Toole's former room. She then became determined to have it published, feeling it would be an opportunity to prove her son's talent. Over a five year period, she sent it out to seven publishers and they each rejected it. "Each time it came back I died a little," she said. However, in 1976 she became aware that author Walker Percy was becoming a faculty member at Loyola University New Orleans. Thelma began a campaign of phone calls and letters pestering Percy to read the manuscript. He even began complaining to his wife about an odd little lady's attempts to contact him. With time running out on his term as professor, Thelma pushed her way into his office and demanded he read the manuscript. Initially hesitant, Percy agreed to read the book to stop her badgering. He admitted to initially hoping it would be so bad that he could discard it after reading a few pages. Ultimately, he loved the book, commenting in disbelief:

In this case I read on. And on. First with the sinking feeling that it was not bad enough to quit, then with a prickle of interest, then a growing excitement, and finally an incredulity; surely it was not possible that it was so good.

Despite Percy's great admiration for the book the road to publication was still difficult. It took over three more years, as he attempted to get several parties interested in it. A Confederacy of Dunces was published by Louisiana State University Press in 1980, and Percy provided the foreword. At his recommendation, Toole's first draft of the book was published with minimal copy-editing, and no significant revisions. The first printing was only 2,500 copies, and a number of these were sent to Scott Kramer, an executive at 20th Century Fox, to pitch around Hollywood, but the book initially generated little interest. However, the novel attracted much attention in the literary world. A year later, in 1981, Toole was posthumously awarded the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction. The book has sold more than 1.5 million copies, in 18 languages.

Toole's only other novel, The Neon Bible, was published in 1989. It was adapted into a feature film in 1995, directed by Terence Davies, which was a critical and commercial failure.