Matter And Radiation Author:John. Buckingham Matter Radiation WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO THE DETECTION USES OF THE INFRA-RED RAYS BY JOHN BUCKINGHAM, M. A. Late Open Exhibitioner in Na tural Science of St. Johns College, Cambridge j Assistant Director of Scientific Research, Admiralty, S. W. I OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS LONDON HUMPHREY MILFORD 1930 And every lote or lady what ye be Or clerk... more » that lifceth for to rede this, Besekyng lawly with humylite Support where I have seyde amys Correcteth only there that nedful is, If word or sentence be noght as it scholde. My-self I am unsuffishaunt I-wys For if I couthe have bettre done I wolde. BOETHIUS De Consolatione Philosophic. John Waltons Translation. Early English Text Society, O. S. 170. Ignis ubique latet, naturam amplectitur omnem, Cuncta parit, renovat, dividit, unit, alit. VOLTAIRE. Printed in Great Britain PREFACE IN this small book I have endeavoured to set down an outline of the theory of radiation, and, particularly, of the properties and uses of that group of invisible rays which are known as the Infra-Red, In order that the non scientific reader may be relieved from an initial overload of strange words, which are a hindrance rather than an aid in acquiring a grasp of a new subject, I have avoided, so far as is possible, the use of terms which are not a part of the vocabulary of everyday life. Even if the language is simple it does not follow that the book is easy reading, or that the ideas, which are essential to an understanding of the subject, are to be casually acquired. But the title of the book does not sug gest light literature and i7lesl liktly, therefore, to be read by those who are unwilling to accept their share of the task which I have begun. The subject has been a field for speculation from the earliest days, and there is no sign that a comprehensive explanation of the diverse effects of radiation is even now within sight. In fact, the discoveries of recent years have put into our hands definite evidence that the classical theory is at fault, and must either be modified before it can embrace all existing knowledge, or it must be discarded and replaced by a fresh set of conceptions. There is no need for any reader to feel surprised that scientists can willingly face the possible destruction of a theory which has in the past been regarded as most cer tainly true. Heinrich Hertz, the pioneer of modern Wire less Telegraphy, in 1889, when dealing with the nature of light, pointed out that so wonderful was the agreement between theory and experiment that a refutation of these vi Preface classical views is inconceivable to the physicist. The wave theory of light is, from the point of view of human beings, certainty. And yet, after only forty years, we have evidence which appears to be in absolute conflict with the theory of which Hertz was so sure. It may not be out of place here to make a few remarks about scientific theories and their place in our speculations. All our knowledge of the external world is admitted to our minds by the five senses. These are imperfect, for they can convey to the brain but a small fraction of all possible sensations. They are also imperfect because it is obvious that they misrepresent much of the impressions which they succeed in conveying or, as Petronius says, Our eyes deceive us and our wandering senses weigh down our reason and tell us falsehoods. For the tower which stands almost four-square has its corners blunted at a distance and becomes rounded However, with these senses, we collect what pass for facts about our surroundings, and, when we have enough of these, we endeavour to make some mental image which will provide an explanation of our observations. This mental picture is a theory. The greater the number of observations which agree with deductions from our theory, the better are we pleased, and the more confidence do we place in the correctness of our mental picture...« less