Milton Studies Author:Albert C. Labriola The ten essays in this volume are among the most insightful studies of Milton's writings, both poetry and prose. Two essays engage the topic of silence, first in Comus, then in Paradise Regained, thereby interrelating two works often perceived as diverse. Silence gives way to the sounds of music in another essay, which examines the cultural ... more »contexts of seventeenth-century England as a frame of reference for understanding Milton's attack on polyphony in Paradise Lost. Other essays on Milton's epic study the theological and liturgical implications of transubstantiation; Christianity's Jewish legacy, with particular reference to theodicy; and Carlotta Petrina's illustrations of Eve's so-called "metaphysical tears," that dramatize the impact of guilt, grief, and expiation on human nature. Additional essays comparatively study the disobedient female consort in Elizabeth Cary's Tragedy of Mariam and Milton's Samson Agonistes, examine Samson Agonistes as a recapitulation and critique of Milton's poetic career, highlight the interplay of economic discourse and libertarian reform in Areopagitica, and reaffirm Milton's authorship of De Doctrina Christiana. Contributors: Jean E. Graham, The College of New Jersey; Stephen M. Buhler, University of Nebraska, Lincoln; John N. King, The Ohio State University; Jeffrey S. Shoulson, University of Miami; Wendy Furman, Whittier College; Virginia James Tufte, University of Southern California; Susan B. Iwanisziw, University of Pennsylvania; Ann Baynes Coiro, Rutgers University, New Brunswick; Peggy Samuels, Drew University;ventured before. Pre-1918 El Salvador has generally been characterized as a society dominated by coffee-growing barons based on large plantations. Its peasant communities have been seen as undifferentiated, egalitarian, subsistence utopias - passive victims of ay among landowners, urban elites, and an engaged peasantry. An Agrarian Republic also reveals a more nuanced picture of the Indian peasantry in El Salvador. Detailed discussions of Ladino victories and successful Indian resistance give a perspective on Ladinization that does not rely on a polarized understanding of ethnic identity. in much of Latin America. With unprecedented use of local and national sources, Lauria-Santiago presents a more complex portrait of El Salvador than has ever been ventured before. Pre-1918 El Salvador has generally been characterized as a society dominated by coffee-growing barons based on large plantations. Its peasant communities have been seen as undifferentiated, egalitarian, subsistence utopias - passive victims of the ruling elites. Using thoroughly researched regional case studies, Lauria-Santiago uncovers an astonishing variety of patterns in land use, labor, and the organization of production. He also finds a diverse, commercially active peasantry that was deeply involved with local and national networks of power. An Agrarian Republic challenges the accepted vision of Central America in the nineteenth century and critiques the "liberal oligarchic hegemony" model of El Salvador. Liberal policies there were not simply the result of the oligarchic concentration of power, but rather of a complex power play among landowners, urban elites, and an engaged peasantry. An Agrarian Republic also reveals a more nuanced picture of the Indian peasantry in El Salvador. Detailed discussions of Ladino victories and successful Indian resistance give a perspective on Ladinization that does not rely on a polarized understanding of ethnic identity. ". . . Lauria's research in previously unavailable primary sources sheds light on transformations at the local level and in doing so, forces us to reconsider our understanding of the 'Liberal Reforms' of the 1880s. . . . This new perspective also challenges important myths in Salvadoran historiography such as the Indian rebellions at the end of the nineteenth century and the misnamed Communist revolt of 1932. In fact, standard works on state formation in Central America will have to be revised to incorporate this important contribution." - Hector Lindo-Fuentes Aldo A. Lauria-Santiago is an assistant professor of history at College of the Holy Cross in Worcester, Massachusetts. He edited (with Avi Chomsky) Identity and Struggle at the Margins of the Nation State: The Laboring Peoples of Central America and the Hispanic Caribbean (Duke University Press). His articles have appeared in the Hispanic American Historical Review and the Latin American Research Review.« less