The product of scholarship and a 1944 residence in Maranhao state, it necessarily includes careful consideration of slavery. Interviews, for example, reveal "the urban economy does not offer the same opportunities for cooperative work groups as does rural society. The pattern of cooperative work is not absent from the life of the Negroes in the city, however." The author concludes both rural and urban Negroes have successfully adapted to New World life by employing elements of African, European, and indigenous Indian culture. Bibliography but no index.

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