Born in Alvarado, Texas, Southern left Southern Methodist University to serve as a Lieutenant in the US Army during World War II, returning to the States to study at Northwestern University, where he graduated with a degree in philosophy in 1948.

Paris, 1948—52

Southern left the US in September 1948, using a G.I. Bill grant to travel to France, where he studied at the Faculté Des Lettres of the Sorbonne. His four-year stint in Paris was a crucial formative influence, both on his development as a writer and on the evolution of his "hip" persona. During this period he made many important friendships and social contacts as he became a central figure in the expatriate American café society of the 1950s. He became close friends with Mason Hoffenberg (with whom he subsequently co-wrote the novel Candy), Alexander Trocchi, John Marquand, Mordecai Richler, Aram Avakian (filmmaker, photographer and brother of Columbia Records jazz producer George Avakian), and jazz musician and motorsport enthusiast Allen Eager. He also met expatriate American writer James Baldwin and leading French intellectuals Jean Cocteau, Jean-Paul Sartre and Albert Camus.

Southern frequented the Cinémathèque Française in Paris and saw jazz performances by leading bebop musicians including Charlie Parker, Dizzy Gillespie, Bud Powell, Thelonious Monk and Miles Davis, evoked in his classic "You're Too Hip, Baby". During the early 50s, he wrote some of his best short stories, including "The Butcher" and "The Automatic Gate", both published in David Burnett's 'New Story' magazine. His story "The Accident" was the very first short story published in the Paris Review in its founding issue (1953), followed by "The Sun and the Still-born Stars" in issue #4. Southern became closely identified with the Paris Review and its founders, Peter Matthiessen, H.L. "Doc" Humes and George Plimpton, and he formed a lifelong friendship with Plimpton. He met French model Pud Gadiot during 1952; a romance soon blossomed and the couple married just before they moved to New York City.

Greenwich Village, 1953—56

In 1953 Southern and Gadiot returned to the US and settled in Greenwich Village in New York City. As he had in Paris, Southern quickly became a prominent figure in the artistic scene that flourished in the village in the late 1950s. He met visual artists including Robert Frank, Annie Truxell and Larry Rivers, and through Mason Hoffenberg, who made occasional visits from Paris, he was introduced to leading writers including Jack Kerouac, Allen Ginsberg and Gregory Corso.

He frequented renowned jazz venues like the Five Spot, the San Remo and the Village Vanguard. It was in this period that Southern discovered and became obsessed with the work of British writer Henry Green. Green's writing exerted a strong influence on Southern's early work, and Green became one of Southern's most ardent early supporters.

Southern struggled to gain recognition in this period, when he was writing his first solo novel, Flash and Filigree. Only a few of his short stories were accepted, and he was rejected by dozens of leading magazines and journals. Here, as in Paris, Southern was almost entirely supported by his wife Pud, but their relationship fell apart within a year of their arrival in New York and they were divorced in mid-1954.

During 1954 and 1955 Southern met two of his literary heroes, William Faulkner and author of The Man With The Golden Arm, Nelson Algren. Southern interviewed Algren for the Paris Review in the autumn of 1955 and they became good friends; they remained in touch after the interview and Algren became another of Southern's early champions.

Southern's fortunes began to change after he was taken on by the Curtis-Brown Agency in mid-1954; through them he had three of his short stories accepted by Harper's Bazaar. They published both "The Sun and the Still-born Stars" and "The Panthers" in the same edition in late 1955, and "The Night Bird Blew for Doctor Warner" was featured in the January 1956 edition.

In October 1955 Southern met model and aspiring actress Carol Kauffman; a romance soon developed and they were married on July 14, 1956.

Geneva, 1956—59

Southern returned to Europe with his wife Carol in October 1956, stopping off in Paris before settling in Geneva, Switzerland, where they lived until 1959. Carol took up a job with UNESCO, which supported them as Terry continued to write. Although largely removed from the social whirl he had enjoyed in Paris and New York, the years in Geneva were a very productive period, during which he prepared Flash and Filigree for publication, and worked on Candy and The Magic Christian, as well as TV scripts and short stories. The couple also made trips to Paris, where they visited Mason Hoffenberg, Allen Ginsberg and William S. Burroughs, and to London, where Southern met both Henry Green and Kenneth Tynan.

During his time in New York Southern had written a short story "about a girl in Greenwich Village who got involved with a hunchback because she was such a good Samaritan" and this became the core of Candy, co-written with the poet Mason Hoffenberg, who he met during his first stay in Paris. On his return to Paris in late 1956 Southern showed the story to several people including Hoffenberg, who thought the character should have more adventures, so Southern encouraged Hoffenberg to write one (this became the sequence where Candy goes to the hospital to see Dr. Krankheit). The pair began alternately creating chapters, working together regularly on visits to Tourettes-sur-Loup over the spring and summer of 1957; according to Southern himself the book was conceived and written well before it was introduced to publisher Maurice Girodias, probably by Marilyn Meeske, who, according to Southern, thought Girodias would be interested in it as a "dirty book".

André Deutsch accepted Southern's first novel, Flash and Filigree early in 1957, and the short story "A South Summer Idyll" was published in Paris Review No.15. The Southerns spent some time in Spain with Henry Green during the summer and Southern interviewed him for the Paris Review. Several more short stories were published later that year, by which time he was finishing work on Candy. Southern and Gregory Corso also helped convince Girodias to publish the controversial novel Naked Lunch by then-little-known author William S. Burroughs.

In early 1958 Southern made his first foray into screenwriting, working with Canadian director Ted Kotcheff, who had come to Britain to work for the newly established Associated TeleVision (ATV) company. Kotcheff directed Southern's TV adaptation of Eugene O'Neill's The Emperor Jones, which was broadcast in the UK in March. This coincided with the publication of Flash and Filigree, which was well reviewed in the UK but coolly received in the US.

The first major magazine interview with Southern, conducted by Elaine Dundy, was published in UK Harper's Bazaar in August 1958. In October Olympia published Candy under the pseudonym Maxwell Kenton and it was immediately banned by the Paris vice squad.

Southern's first solo novel The Magic Christian satirically explores the corrupting effects of money. He finished the book in Geneva over the fall and winter of 1958—59 and it was published by André Deutsch in spring 1959 to mixed reviews, although it soon gained an avid cult following. By the time it had been published, the Southerns had decided to return to the US; they left Geneva for New York in April 1959.

East Canaan, 1959—62

After moving back to the US the Southerns stayed with friends for several months until they were able to buy their own home. They were looking for a rural retreat close enough to New York to allow Terry to commute there. Southern met and became friendly with jazz musician Artie Shaw and they began looking for properties together. Shaw put down a deposit on a farm in East Canaan, Connecticut, but at the urging of a friend Southern convinced Shaw to let him buy the farm, which he purchased for $23,000.

During 1959 and 1960 he continued working on a never-completed novel called The Hipsters, which he had begun in Geneva. He became part of the New York 'salon' of his old friend George Plimpton, who had also moved back to New York, rubbing shoulders with James Jones, William Styron, Norman Mailer, Philip Roth, H.L. Humes, Jack Gelber, the Aga Khan, Blair Fuller, the cast of the British comedy stage revue Beyond The Fringe, Jules Feiffer, Jackie Kennedy, British actress Jean Marsh, Gore Vidal, Kenneth Tynan, and his first wife, Elaine Dundy, through whom Southern met satirist Lenny Bruce.

Flash and Filigree had been published in the US by Coward McCann in the fall of 1958. Several fragments from The Hipsters were published as short stories during this period, including "Red-Dirt Marijuana" published in the January-February 1960 edition of Evergreen Review and "Razor Fight", published in Glamour magazine. He had an essay on Lotte Lenya published in Esquire and in early 1960 he began writing book reviews for The Nation, which were published over the next two years. During the year he also collaborated with his old Paris friends, Alexander Trocchi and Richard Seaver, compiling an anthology of modern fiction for the Frederick Fall company. The editing process took much longer than expected, due to a drug bust that forced Trocchi to flee to the UK via Canada, leaving Southern and Seaver to finish the book.

Terry and Carol's son and only child Nile was born on December 29, 1960. Around this time Southern began writing for Maurice Girodias' new periodical Olympia Review. He began negotiations with the Putnam company to reissue Candy under his and Hoffenberg's real names, and he hired a new literary agent, Sterling Lord.

In the summer of 1962 Southern worked for two months as a relief editor at Esquire, and during this period he had several stories published in the magazine, including "The Road to Axotle". The Esquire job also enabled him to interview rising filmmaker Stanley Kubrick, who had just completed his controversial screen adaptation of Vladimir Nabokov's novel Lolita. Although Southern knew little about Kubrick, the director was already well aware of Southern's work, having been given a copy of The Magic Christian by Peter Sellers during the making of Lolita.

Southern's life and career changed irrevocably on November 2, 1962, when he received a telegram inviting him to come to London to work on the screenplay of Kubrick's new film, which was then in pre-production.

Dr. Strangelove

Partly on the recommendation of Peter Sellers, Stanley Kubrick asked Southern to help revise the screenplay of Dr. Strangelove (1964). The film was based on the Cold War thriller Red Alert (1958) by Peter George, the rights to which Kubrick had secured for $3000. Kubrick and George's original screenplay (which was to be called Edge of Doom) was a straight political thriller. They then reworked it into a satirical format (provisionally titled The Delicate Balance of Terror) in which the plot of Red Alert was situated as a film-within-a-film made by an alien intelligence.

Southern's work on the project was brief but intense; he officially worked on the script from November 16 to December 28, 1962. Southern began to rely on the amphetamine 'diet pill' Dexamyl to keep him going through the frantic rewriting process; in later years he became increasingly reliant on the drug and he developed a long-term dependency. His amphetamine abuse, combined with his heavy intake of alcohol and other drugs, contributed significantly to health problems in later life.

The major change Southern and Kubrick made was to recast the script as a black comedy jettisoning the "film within a film" structure. Kubrick, George and Southern shared the screenplay credits, but competing claims about who contributed what led to confusion and some conflict between the three men after the film's release. The credit question was further confused by Sellers' numerous ab-libbed contributions—he would often improvise wildly on set, so Kubrick made sure that Sellers had as much camera 'coverage' as possible during his scenes, in order to capture these spontaneous inspirations.

It is claimed that most of the dark and satiric dialogue was written by Southern. According to Art Miller, an independent producer who hired Southern to write the screenplay for a never-completed comic film about the bumbling Watergate burglars, Southern told him that the best example of his writing in Dr. Strangelove was the classic scene in which B-52 pilot T.J. "King" Kong, played by Slim Pickens, reads off a list of the contents of a survival kit to his crew, concluding that a man could have "a great weekend in Vegas" with some of the items. When the scene was shot, Pickens spoke the scripted line ("Dallas"), but the word "Vegas" had to be overdubbed during post-production because the film was released not long after the assassination of President John F. Kennedy in Dallas. According to Miller, Peter Sellers quietly paid Southern tens of thousands of dollars to create some of the best-known comedy bits for Sellers' beloved character Inspector Clouseau in the Pink Panther film series.

Southern also helped Sellers with dialogue coaching. Originally slated to play four roles, including that of the Texan B-52 bomber pilot Major Kong, the actor had difficulty mastering the accent. Southern, a native Texan, taped himself speaking Kong's lines for Sellers to study. Despite this, Sellers, who had never been comfortable in the role of Kong, was able to extricate himself from the part after allegedly fracturing his ankle, forcing Kubrick to re-cast. The part eventually went to actor Slim Pickens, who Kubrick met during his brief stint working on Marlon Brando's One Eyed Jacks.

After the film went into wider release in January 1964 Southern was the subject of considerable media coverage, and was erroneously given primary credit for the screenplay, a misperception he apparently did little to correct. This reportedly angered both Kubrick—who was notorious for his unwillingness to share writing credits—and Peter George, who penned a complaint to Life magazine in response to a lavish photo essay on Southern published in the May 8, 1964 edition. Stung by the article's assertion that Southern was responsible for turning the formerly "serious script" into an "original irreverent satirical film", a rightly aggrieved George pointed out that he and Kubrick had been working together on the script for ten months, whereas Southern was only "briefly employed (November 16 to December 28, 1962) to do some additional writing."

Towards the end of his work on Dr Strangelove, Southern began canvassing for more film work. Jobs he considered included a proposed John Schlesinger screen adaptation of the Iris Murdoch novel A Severed Head, and a project called The Marriage Game, to be directed by Peter Yates and produced by the James Bond team of Harry Saltzman and Cubby Broccoli. He also wrote an essay on John Fowles' novel The Collector, which led to his work as a "script doctor" on the subsequent screen version.

Southern's writing career took off during 1963. His landmark essay "Twirlin' At Ole Miss" was published in Esquire in February 1963, and this famous work of satirical reportage is now acknowledged as one of the cornerstone works of 'New Journalism'. This was quickly followed by the publication of several other important essays, including the Bay of Pigs themed "Recruiting for the Big Parade", and one of his best Paris stories, "You're Too Hip, Baby". The fiction anthology Writers In Revolt was published in the spring, soon followed by the US publication of Candy, which went on to become the #2 American fiction best-seller of 1963.

"The Big Time", 1964—70

The success of Dr Strangelove and the re-published version of Candy was the turning point in Southern's career, making him one of the most celebrated writers of his day. In the words of biographer Lee Hill, Southern spent the next six years in "an Olympian realm of glamour, money, constant motion and excitement", mixing and working with the biggest literary, film, music and TV stars in the world.

Most importantly, his work on Dr Strangelove opened the doors to lucrative work as a screenwriter and script doctor and it also allowed him to greatly increase his fee, from the reported $2000 he received for Dr Strangelove to as much as $100,000 thereafter.

During the latter half of the 1960s Southern worked on the screenplays of a string of 'cult' films. His credits in this period include The Loved One (1965) The Collector (1965) The Cincinnati Kid (1966) Casino Royale (1967), Barbarella (1967), Easy Rider (1968), The Magic Christian (1969) and The End of the Road (1970) .

The Loved One / The Cincinnati Kid

In early 1964, Southern was hired to collaborate with noted British author Christopher Isherwood on a screen adaptation of Evelyn Waugh's satirical novel The Loved One, directed by British filmmaker Tony Richardson. When filming was postponed in spring of 1964, Southern returned to East Canaan and continued work on a rewrite of the script for the film version of John Fowles' The Collector but he eventually dropped out of the project because he disagreed with the change to the story's ending.

In August 1964, the Southerns moved to Los Angeles, where Terry began work on the screenplay of The Loved One, for which MGM/Filmways paid him $3000 per month. Southern's work and his tireless networking and socializing brought him into contact with many Hollywood stars including Ben Gazzara, Jennifer Jones, Janice Rule, George Segal, Richard Benjamin, James Coburn, Peter Fonda and Dennis Hopper and his wife Brooke Hayward. Hopper, a passionate fan and collector of modern art, would later introduce Southern to influential British gallery owner and art dealer Robert Fraser.

Not long after arriving in LA, Southern met a beautiful young Canadian-born actress and dancer, Gail Gerber on the MGM backlot. Gerber was working as a dancer on an Elvis Presley movie being made at the time, and she also had a non-speaking role in The Loved One. Southern and Gerber soon began an affair, which Gerber tried to end after a few dates, but she was pushed into continuing it by Jennifer Jones. The relationship intensified during July/August 1964, and after Southern's wife and son went back to East Canaan, Southern and Gerber moved in together in a suite at the famous Chateau Marmont hotel.

Working with Richardson and Isherwood, Southern turned Waugh's novel into "an all-out attack on Hollywood, consumerism and the hypocrisies surrounding man's fear of death". Southern also wrote the text for a souvenir book, which featured photos by William Claxton.

Work on the film continued through most of 1965, with Southern and Gerber spending much of their "down time" hanging out with their newfound film star friends in Malibu. Loved One co-producer John Calley was a frequent visitor to Southern's Chateau Marmont suite and he hired Southern to work on several subsequent Filmways projects including The Cincinnati Kid and Don't Make Waves.

Soon after principal shooting on The Loved One was concluded, Southern began work on the script of The Cincinnati Kid, which starred Steve McQueen, although he was one of several noted writers who had worked on versions of the screenplay, including Paddy Chayevsky, George Good and Ring Lardner Jr. Original director Sam Peckinpah was fired only one week into shooting, allegedly because he shot unauthorized nude scenes. (He would not make another film until 1969's The Wild Bunch.) He was replaced by Norman Jewison, and during his work on this production Southern formed a close and enduring friendship with cast member Rip Torn.

Casino Royale / Barbarella / Candy

By 1966 the film adaptations of Ian Fleming's James Bond series, produced by Albert R. Broccoli and Harry Saltzman, had become the most successful and popular franchise in film history. However, the rights to Fleming's first Bond novel Casino Royale had been secured by rival producer Charles K. Feldman. He had attempted to get Casino Royale made as an official James Bond movie (i.e., one made by EON Productions), but Broccoli and Saltzman turned him down. Believing he could not compete with the official series, Feldman then decided to shoot the film as a parody, not only of James Bond but of the entire spy fiction genre. The casino segment featuring Peter Sellers and Orson Welles is the only portion based upon the novel.

Southern and Gail Gerber moved to London in early 1966, when Southern was hired to work on the screenplay of Casino Royale. The episodic "quasi-psychedelic burlesque" proved to be a chaotic production, stitched together from segments variously directed or co-directed by a team that included Joseph McGrath, Robert Parrish, Val Guest, John Huston, Richard Talmadge and Ken Hughes. Many planned scenes could not be filmed due to the feud between Orson Welles and star Peter Sellers, which climaxed with Sellers walking out during the filming of the casino scenes and refusing to return. Many writers contributed to the screenplay including Southern (who wrote most of the dialogue for Sellers), Woody Allen, Wolf Mankowitz, Michael Sayers, Frank Buxton, Joseph Heller, Ben Hecht, Mickey Rose and Billy Wilder.

Southern had been introduced to Robert Fraser by Dennis Hopper, and when he went to London to work on Casino Royale he and Gail became part of Fraser's "jet-set" salon that included the Beatles, the Rolling Stones, photographer Michael Cooper, interior designer, model-actress Anita Pallenberg, filmmaker Nicolas Roeg, painter Francis Bacon, producer Sandy Lieberson, Guinness heir Tara Browne (whose subsequent death in a car accident was woven into John Lennon's "A Day in the Life") and model Donyale Luna. Southern became very close friends with photographer Michael Cooper, who was part of the Rolling Stones' inner circle and who shot the cover photos for the Beatles' Sgt Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band LP.

Southern attended the Cannes Film Festival in the spring of 1966, where he met Andy Warhol and Gerard Malanga, and he remained in touch with Malanga for many years. On his return to London he continued work on the Casino Royale screenplay and a screen adaptation of The Magic Christian for Peter Sellers, who was planning his film version. Sandy Lieberson optioned Southern's first novel Flash and Filigree and United Artists optioned Candy. Michael Cooper also introduced Southern to the Anthony Burgess novel A Clockwork Orange, and Southern later encouraged Stanley Kubrick to make his film version of the book after MGM refused to back Kubrick's planned film on Napoleon. Southern and Cooper then began to talk up their own film adaptation of the novel, to star Mick Jagger and The Rolling Stones as Alex and his gang of droogs.

Through Si Litvinoff, Southern optioned the book for the bargain price of $1000 (against a final price of $10,000) and Lieberson and David Puttnam set up a development deal with Paramount, who underwrote a draft by Southern and Cooper. Actor David Hemmings was briefly considered for the role of Alex—much to the chagrin of Cooper and the Stones—and the director's chair was initially offered to Richard Lester, who turned it down. Southern's old friend Ted Kotcheff was then approached, but at the project stalled after the treatment was sent to the British Lord Chamberlain, who returned it, unread, with a note attached that said: "I know this book and there is no way you can make a movie of it. It deals with youthful incitement, which is illegal." As a result, Paramount put it into 'turnaround' and it was eventually picked up by Kubrick three years later.

During the frequent downtime during the filming of Casino Royale, Filmways hired Southern to do a "tightening and brightening" job on the screenplay of the occult thriller Eye of the Devil, which starred David Niven and featured Sharon Tate in her first film role. Through the winter of 1966—67 he also began work on the screenplay for Roger Vadim's Barbarella and he also contributed to a TV version of The Desperate Hours directed by Ted Kotcheff and starring George Segal and Yvette Mimieux.

The June 1, 1967 release of Sgt Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band gave Southern pop-culture immortality, thanks to his photograph being included (on the recommendation of Ringo Starr) on the album's famous front-cover collage, which was photographed by Cooper. Soon after, a collection of his short writing Red-Dirt Marijuana and Other Tastes, was published in the US. It received strongly favorable reviews from critics and the cover blurb featured a highly complimentary quote from Gore Vidal, who described Southern as "the most profoundly witty writer of our generation".

Work on Barbarella continued through to late 1967, and Southern convinced Vadim to cast his friend Anita Pallenberg in the role of the Black Queen. In December 1967 the film version of Candy began shooting in Rome with director Christian Marquand. It starred newcomer Ewa Aulin in the title role and like Casino Royale it featured a host of stars in cameo roles, including Richard Burton, Marlon Brando, John Astin, Ringo Starr and Walter Matthau, and Anita Pallenberg.

The original screenplay by Southern was rewritten by Buck Henry (who also has an uncredited cameo in the film). Like Casino Royale it proved to be a chaotic production and failed to live up to expectations; it was generally panned by critics on its release in December 1968 and its impact was further weakened by the financial collapse of its major backer.

Easy Rider / The End Of The Road

As production on Barbarella wound down in October 1967, director Roger Vadim began shooting an episode for the omnibus film Spirits of the Dead, which co-starred Peter Fonda and Jane Fonda. It was during the making of this film that Peter Fonda told Southern of his idea for a 'modern Western'. Fonda pitched his idea to his friend Dennis Hopper on his return to America, and Southern added his weight to the project, agreeing to work on the script for scale ($350 per week).

Southern, Fonda and Hopper met in New York City in November 1967 to develop their ideas and these brainstorming sessions formed the basis of the screenplay that Southern then wrote from December 1967 to April 1968. On the basis of Southern's treatment, Raybert Productions, which had produced the hugely successful TV series The Monkees and the Monkees movie Head, agreed to finance the film with a budget of US$350,000 (in return for one-third of the profits) with Columbia Pictures agreeing to distribute the film.

Southern would eventually share the writing credit with Hopper and Fonda, but there has been considerable dispute over their various contributions to the screenplay. Hopper and Fonda later tried to downplay Southern's considerable input, claiming that many sections of the film (such as the graveyard scene) had been improvised, whereas others involved in the production (including Southern himself) have asserted that most of these scenes were fully scripted and primarily written by him.

Although the basic idea for the film was Fonda's, the title Easy Rider was provided by Southern (it is an American slang term for a man who lives off the earnings of a prostitute) and it later emerged that Southern wrote several drafts of the screenplay. During production, Southern became concerned at Hopper and Fonda's replacement of his writing by what he described as "dumb-bell dialogue", and more of the material Southern wrote for the main characters was cut out during the editing process.

The character of the small-town lawyer played by Jack Nicholson was written for Southern's friend Rip Torn, but Torn dropped out of the project after an altercation with Hopper in a New York restaurant, in which the two actors almost came to blows.

Southern continued to work on other projects when Easy Rider began shooting—he completed his next novel Blue Movie; began working with the painter Larry Rivers on a book project The Donkey and The Darling; he worked on the final drafts of the screenplay for The Magic Christian and he began discussions with Aram Avakian about a movie project called The End of the Road.

In summer 1968 he was approached by Esquire magazine to cover the 1968 Democratic National Convention in Chicago. Southern attended the event with William S. Burroughs, Jean Genet (a last-minute substitute for Samuel Beckett) and John Sack, and his friend Michael Cooper took photographs; Southern and friends were in the thick of the action when peaceful demonstrations erupted into savage violence after protesters were attacked by police. Southern's essay on the event, was his last work published by Esquire.

The editing of Easy Rider continued for many months, as Hopper and Fonda argued over the final form. Hopper ditched a planned score by Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young and returned to the now famous group of songs he had used for the rough cut, which included music by The Byrds, Jimi Hendrix and Steppenwolf. The film caused a sensation when it was screened in Cannes and it went on to become the fourth highest-grossing American film of 1969, taking $19 million, and receiving two Academy Award nominations. Although Easy Rider brought Hopper and Fonda great financial and artistic rewards and helped to open up the Hollywood 'system' for young, independent producers, little of the profit was shared with Southern, and the true extent of his contributions was repeatedly downplayed by the other principals.

Southern's next major screenplay was for another independent film, The End of the Road, adapted from the novel by John Barth, starring Stacy Keach and James Earl Jones. It was directed by his friend Aram Avakian (a director and editor whose previous credits included Jazz on a Summer's Day, Mickey One and The Miracle Worker). The director and the film were the subject of a major spread in Life in November 1969, which reportedly led to a critical backlash, and the film was savaged on its release, and was especially criticised because of a graphic scene in which the main female character undergoes an abortion.

The Magic Christian

The Magic Christian was one of Peter Sellers's favourite books...his gift of a copy to Stanley Kubrick had led to Southern being hired for Dr Strangelove -- and a film version of the book had long been a pet project for the actor, who intended to play the lead role of Guy Grand. In 1968 Southern was hired for the project and he worked on a dozen drafts of the screenplay for the The Magic Christian, but Sellers also tinkered with it while Southern was working on The End of the Road. At Sellers' request, a draft by Southern and director Joseph McGrath was re-written by Graham Chapman and John Cleese, two young British TV comedy writers who would shortly become members of Monty Python. Cleese later described McGrath as having "no idea of comedy structure" and complained that the film ended up as "a series of celebrity walk-ons."

The film was shot in London between February and May 1969. The cast was headed by Sellers (as Guy Grand) and Ringo Starr as his son Youngman Grand (a new character created for the movie) with cameo appearances by familiar faces including Spike Milligan, Christopher Lee, Laurence Harvey, Raquel Welch, Roman Polanski and Yul Brynner. As with Dr Strangelove, Sellers habitually improvised on the script during filming. During production McGrath and Southern discussed a future project based on the life of gangster Dutch Schultz, to be made in collaboration with William Burroughs and Alexander Trocchi, but nothing came of it.

The Magic Christian ends with a scene in which Grand fills a huge vat with offal and excrement and then throws money into the fetid mixture to demonstrate how far people will go to get money for nothing. It was planned to film this climactic scene at the Statue of Liberty in New York and, remarkably, the US National Park Service agreed to the request. Sellers, McGrath and Southern then travelled to New York on the Queen Elizabeth 2 (at a reported cost of $10,000 per person) but the studio then refused to pay for the shoot and it had to be relocated to London. The scene was eventually shot on the South Bank, near the site of the new National Theatre building. The film premiered on February 12, 1970 to lukewarm reviews.

Later career

Southern's pre-eminence waned rapidly in the 1970s...his screen credits decreased, his book and story output dwindled and he acquired the reputation of an out-of-control substance abuser. He certainly drank heavily and took various drugs, and his growing dependence on Dexamyl badly affected his health as he aged. His biographer Lee Hill suggests that Southern was, at worst, a functioning alcoholic and that his image was largely based on his occasional public appearances in New York, partying and socialising. In private, he was relatively sober and he remained a tireless worker. He continued to work on scores of projects, often balancing several at a time, but regrettably most never came to fruition, and these tended to divert him from work on his own novels and stories.

His later career was persistently complicated by his ongoing financial woes. In the late 1960s Southern's free-spending ways and lack of financial acumen led him into trouble and he was audited by the IRS on several occasions, resulting in heavy tax bills and penalties. Tax problems dogged him for the rest of his life.

Southern and his wife Carol had been put under surveillance by the FBI starting in 1965.

The seventies

In December 1970, Southern found himself in the humiliating position of having to beg Dennis Hopper for a profit point on Easy Rider—a request Hopper refused. Southern's tenuous financial position was in stark contrast to that of his creative partners, who became wealthy thanks to the film's runaway commercial success. For the rest of his life Southern was repeatedly forced to take on work simply in order to pay tax bills and penalties, and on many occasions he struggled to keep up the mortgage payments on the East Canaan farm.

Blue Movie was published in the fall of 1970, with a dedication to Stanley Kubrick. It received only moderate reviews, and sales were hampered by the refusal of the New York Times to run ads for the book.

Southern worked on a variety of screenplays after Easy Rider including God Is Love, DJ (based on a book by Norman Mailer), Hand-Painted Hearts (based on a story by Thomas Baum) and Drift with Tony Goodstone. While Fonda and Hopper continued to play up the notion that much of Easy Rider had been improvised, Southern remained largely silent about his role, although he was prompted to write a letter to the New York Times to counter a claim that Jack Nicholson had improvised his speech during the famous 'campfire' scene.

Terry and Carol Southern divorced in early 1972 but remained on good terms and Southern continued to support and help raise their son Nile. The attentions of the IRS had also affected Carol, who had an inheritance from her late father seized as part of Terry's tax settlement. She later became an editor with Crown Publishing, and married critic Alexander Keneas.

Southern's other unrealised projects during this period included an adaptation of Nathanael West's A Cool Million, and a screenplay called Merlin, based on Arthurian legend, which was written with Mick Jagger in mind for the lead role.

Southern covered the infamous Rolling Stones 1972 American Tour, where he met and began a collaboration with Peter Beard, and they would work sporadically on the never-filmed screenplay The End of the Game until Southern's death. Southern immersed himself in the bacchanalian atmosphere of the tour, and his essay on the Stones tour, "Riding The Lapping Tongue", was published in the August 12, 1972 edition of Saturday Review. He also wrote a bawdy anti-Nixon skit which was performed at a George McGovern fundraiser, and "Twirlin' at Ole Miss" was included in The New Journalism.

By late 1972 money troubles having become acute, Southern took a position as a lecturer in screenwriting at New York University, where he taught from the fall of 1972 to the spring of 1974. His students included Amy Heckerling, who directed Fast Times at Ridgemont High and Clueless, Steven Aronson