History of psychology Author:James Mark Baldwin Purchase of this book includes free trial access to www.million-books.com where you can read more than a million books for free. This is an OCR edition with typos. Excerpt from book: CHAPTER II Subjective And Critical Idealism—Faith Philosophy 17E have seen, on an earlier page, that the philosophical interpretations taking their rise ... more »in the dualism of Descartes might be classed, for psychological purposes, as Dualistic, Naturalistic, Idealistic, and Mystical. We have traced out the history of the first two of these movements: Descartes to Wolff, and Locke to Condillac, respectively. We now turn to the idealistic movement, which arose as a protest against sensationalism. In its early manifestations it retained the intellectualistic character of a philosophy of knowledge; and only later did it take on the two contrasted forms of Intellectualism and Voluntarism. The development of Intellectualism showed itself in two important figures: George Berkeley, Bishop of Cloyne, and Immanuel Kant, the "Sage of Konigsberg." George Berkeley (1685-1753).—In Berkeley's psychology we find the carrying out of what afterwards became the Humian analytic method, but with a different philosophical motive from that of the sensationalistic followers of Hume. The analysis of external reality into sensations did not mean logically a resort to materialism, although the intervention of the nervous system between the world and the mind suggested that construction. For the term that remains when the analysis is exhaustive is not a material term, nervous or physical, but a mental term, a sensation. Berkeley demonstrated this. He carried the subjective analysis of the physical thing out to its logical issue. The primary qualities—extension, resistance, etc.—were mental states, no less than the secondary qualities. The external world of perception, he declared, has no separate existence: "To be is to be perceived," esse est 'percipi. This became part of Hume's case. If the...« less