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The Intolerable Hulks: British Shipboard Confinement 1776-1857
The Intolerable Hulks British Shipboard Confinement 17761857 Author:Charles Campbell, Esther Heffernan From the time of Queen Annes reign until the American Revolution, Great Britain followed the practice of transporting as many as a thousand convicts each year to Maryland and Virginia. Out of sight, out of mind was an apt adage for this policy. It was a policy that worked well enough until 1776, when the rebellious North Americ... more »an colonies declared their independence and closed their ports to reception of British prison ships. A crisis for the British criminal justice system ensued, leading to a policy of converting old merchantmen and, later, deactivated naval vessels, into floating prisons. Thus began the era of the Hulks, a temporary expedient that lasted for eighty years. Hardly less feared by the British criminal class than were the gallows, assignment to these deplorable dungeons at anchor became a dreaded purgatory, to be endured for monthssometimes even yearsby prisoners destined for eventual transportation to Australia.« less