Laplanche published his first book in 1961. The following year, he was invited to a position at the Sorbonne by Daniel Lagache. Since then, Laplanche has maintained a regular publication schedule. Together with colleague Jean-Bertrand Pontalis, Laplanche in 1967 published
The Language of Psycho-Analysis, which has become a standard encyclopedic reference on psychoanalysis. It was translated into English in 1973, and its thirteenth French edition was published in 1997. Laplanche was president of the
Association Psychoanalytique de France from 1969 to 1971, being succeeded by Pontalis. His seminars have been published in the seven volume
Problématiques series while many of his most important essays are found in
La révolution copernicienne inachevée (1992).
Seduction Theory
One of his major contributions to psychoanalysis consists of the théorie de la séduction généralisée (
theory of the general seduction, 1987). Of his work on Freud's seduction theory, he says,
[M]y job has been to show why Freud missed some very important points in this theory. But before saying that we must revise the theory, we must know it. And I think that ignorance concerning the seduction theory causes people to go back to something pre-analytic. By discussing the seduction theory we are doing justice to Freud, perhaps doing Freud better justice than he did himself. He forgot the importance of his theory, and its very meaning, which was not just the importance of external events.
Laplanche proposed 'a reformulation of Freud's seduction theory as a truly
general theory of the origins of the repressed unconscious, rather than a mere etiological hypothesis about neurotic symptoms'. The goal of the theory was to account 'for the "normal" development of the unconscious in human beings, while...it carries in its wake a theory of transference and of the psychoanalytic process in general'.
Laplanche highlights '"enigmatic signifiers"...transmitted via parental messages to the other' as a key element in the creation of the unconscious: in Laplanche's words, 'The
enigma is in itself a
seduction and its mechanisms are unconscious'. Thus 'Laplanche makes the link in Freud between the intrusive impact of the adult Other on the one hand, and the traumatic registration, representation or inscription of the Other's presence' on the other.
Ptolemy and Copernicus: The Unfinished Revolution
Following the introduction of the theory of generalized seduction , Laplanche published a collection of essays under the title "The Unfinished Copernican Revolution" which referred specifically to the "object" of psychoanalysis, the unconscious - the generalised seduction theory emphasising that such a revolution is "incomplete."
Freud, who repeatedly compared the psychoanalytic discovery to a Copernican revolution, was for Laplanche both "his own Copernicus but also his own Ptolemy." On the Copernican side, there is the conjoint discovery of the unconscious and the seduction theory, which maintains the sense of "otherness"; on the Ptolemaic side, there is (to Laplanche) the misdirection of the Freudian "return to a theory of self-centering". Thus 'what Laplanche calls Freud's "going astray", a disastrous shift from a Copernican to a Ptolemaic conception of the psyche...occurred when Freud replaced his early seduction theory...of sexuality as an "alien-ness" decentring the psyche' with one centred upon the individual - 'the illusion of a universe that Laplanche would characterize as Ptolemaic, where the ego feels it occupies the central position'.
Jean Laplanche and the English-speaking world
Gender
The category of gender, says Jean Laplanche, is often "absent or unnoticed" in Freud. It is the child in the presence of adults, which raises the question of this difference which exists in adults. Gender assignment "is a complex process of acts which extends into the language and behavior of the child's significant others, its entourage". The child is "bombarded" by "prescriptive" messages which it has to translate and make sense of - 'messages of gender assignment, all those provided by the adults close to the child: parents, grandparents, brothers and sisters. Their fantasies, their unconscious or preconscious expectations'. Thus for Jean Laplanche "Yes, gender precedes sex. But instead of organizing it, it is organized by the latter. " It is primarily the "sexual" element in the parents which "creates a fuss in gender-assignation," because the infantile sexuality of the adults is reactivated in the presence of the child.
Drive or Object?
One key distinction between Laplanche's approach to psychoanalysis and most of those in the English-speaking world ...Object relations theory, Ego psychology and Kleinian thought...is Laplanche's insistence on a distinction between
drive (Trieb) and
instinct (Instinkt). In contrast to the English-speaking schools, Laplanche...in some ways following Lacan...removes a biologically reductive basis from human sexuality.