A recent outline of his thinking on the issue of 'justification' in ethics can be found in the entry on 'reflective equilibrium' Stanford Philosophy Encyclopedia. The on-line edition of the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 2003, makes all of this available freely.In his book Justice and Justification (CUP, 1996), a full collection of his papers on the topic can be found.
In recent years, Dr. Daniels has been working on contrasting the complex form of egalitarianism represented by Rawls's work and other more recent work in egalitarian theory. His "Democratic Equality: Rawls's Complex Egalitarianism" in Sam Freeman (ed) Cambridge Companion to Rawls (2003) is a recent treatment of this issue. Dr. Daniels believes that a principled account of justice in John Rawls's work requires the work (described below) on a fair, deliberative process for setting limits to health care (and for other resource allocation or rationing efforts) as a legislative and regulatory supplement.
Applying a broadly consistent theory of justice to issues surrounding health and society - Dr. Daniels recently completed a sequel to his 1985 book Just Health Care, Just Health: Meeting Health Needs Fairly (Cambridge University Press, 2008). He now adds a broader vision of the socially controllable factors that affect population health and its distribution to his original attempt to say why health care is of special moral importance because of its connection to protecting opportunities for individuals. This permits an answer to the question, when are health inequalities unjust? He argues that Rawls's principles of justice as fairness capture the central social determinants of health: conforming with them would flatten social gradients of health as much as we can reasonably expect. Just Health integrates the account of fair deliberative process, accountability for reasonableness, with the rest of the theory as a way of answering the question, "How can we meet needs fairly when we cannot meet them all." The book also has chapters on justice between age groups, health system reform, socialexperiments on populations, fair process in patient selection for AIDS treatments, occupational health, professionalism, reducing health disparities, human rights and priority setting, and international health inequalities.
Together with Jim Sabin, Dr. Daniels published Setting Limits Fairly: Can We Learn to Share Medical Resources? (OUP, 2002). A second edition of that book is now out in paperback: SettingLimits Fairly: Learning to Share Resources for Health (OUP, 2008). They are also doing ongoing work on this topic with collaborators in Canada, the United Kingdom, Norway, and elsewhere where fair process, specifically "accountability for reasonableness," has emerged as the key to priority and limit setting in universal coverage systems.In the US, they continue to work on pharmacy benefits (see our discussion of an "ethical template" in Health Affairs, Jan-Feb 2002) and on independent review of insurance denials. Daniels recently applied these ideas to patient selection in the WHO program to deliver three million ARTsby 2005. He worked with the Mexican Ministry of Health to develop a fair process for deciding on additions to the catastrophic insurance plan included in Mexico's new Segura Popular and is continuing work to extend that process for use in other parts of the Mexican health system. A case study on the Mexican work is available on request.An application of accountability for reasonableness to human rights approach to health is described in Gruskin and Daniels, Justice and Human Rights: Priority Setting and Fair Deliberative Process, American Journal of Public Health, 2008; 98:9.
- Justice and Intergenerational Equity:
Dr. Daniels has revisited some of the issues involved in his previous work on justice between age groups in Am I My Parents' Keeper? An Essay on Justice Between the Young and the Old (New York: Oxford, 1988) in "Justice Between Adjacent Generations: Further Thoughts" Journal of Political Philosophy (2008, in press).
- Ethics and Health Sector Reform (Benchmarks of Fairness):
Domestic:Dr. Daniels is interested in issues of access to the US system, especially disparities that contribute to health disparities, and participated on the subcommittee on social costs of the recent IOM publication on uninsurance in the US. Recently he coauthored an article on ethical issues in U.S. health reform with Marc Roberts that will appeal in a "briefing book" on election issues being published by the Hastings Center (in press).
Global:Together with collaborators in a dozen countries on three continents, Dr. Daniels is working to demonstrate the utility of an evidence-based policy tool for evaluating the fairness - the equity,accountability, and efficiency - of health sector reforms in developing countries and to improve capacity in those countries to carry out research on the fairness of reform activities. Together with collaborators from Cameroon, Thailand, and Guatemala, he presented some recent results at the November 2003 APHA meeting in San Francisco. The current work, reported on most recently in the Bulletin of WHO in 2005, is an attempt to develop country-specific adaptations of the generic benchmarks reported on in the Bulletin of WHO in June 2000. The application of that approach as a method of providing ethical evaluation of health sector reforms, viewed as "social experiments," is described in the American Journal of Public Health in 2006. Work on this approach is ongoing in the Philippines, Guatemala, Brazil, and Colombia.
