Tarbell was born in the village of Hatch Hollow in Amity Township, Erie County, Pennsylvania on November 5, 1857. She was born in a log cabin that was the home of her maternal grandfather, Walter Raleigh McCullough, a Scots-Irish pioneer. She grew up in the western portion of the state where new oil fields were developed in the 1860s. She was the daughter of Ester Ann McCullough and Franklin Summer Tarbell, a teacher and a joiner by trade, who used his trade to build wooden oil storage tanks.

In 1860 Ida's father moved the family to Titusville, Pennsylvania. He built a house which was her mother's first home of her own. He later became an oil producer and refiner in Venango County. Her father's business, and those of many other small businessmen, was adversely affected by the South Improvement Company scheme around 1872 between the railroads and larger oil interests. Later, she would vividly recall this situation in her work, as she accused the leaders of the Standard Oil Company of using unfair tactics to put her father and many small oil companies out of business.

Tarbell graduated at the head of her high school class in Titusville. She attended Allegheny College beginning in 1876. She majored in biology and was the only woman in her class when she graduated in 1880.

After graduating from college as one of five female students, Tarbell began her career as a teacher at Poland Union Seminary in Poland, Ohio. She taught two classes each of four languages, geology, botany, geometry and trigonometry. After two years, she realized teaching was too much for her and that she enjoyed writing better.

Tarbell returned to Pennsylvania, where she met Theodore L. Flood, editor of The Chautauquan, a teaching supplement for home study courses at Chautauqua, New York. She was quick to accept Flood's offer to write for the publication; as she said, “I was glad to be useful, for I had grown up with what was called the Chautauqua movement.” In 1886 she became managing editor. Her duties included proofing, answering reader questions, provide proper pronunciation of certain words, translation of foreign phrases, identifying characters and defining words. “Doing this job I began to think about facts and reading proofs. It was an exacting job which never ceases to worry me. What if the accent was in the wrong place? What if I brought somebody into the world in the wrong year?”

In 1890 Tarbell moved to Paris to do post-graduate work and write a biography of Madame Roland, the leader of an influential salon during the French Revolution. While in France, she wrote articles for various magazines, catching the eye of publisher Samuel McClure. He offered her the position as editor for the magazine. While working for McClure's Magazine, Tarbell wrote a popular series on Napoleon Bonaparte.

Her 20-part series on Abraham Lincoln doubled the magazine's circulation, and was published in a book. These gave her a national reputation as a leading writer and made her the leading authority on the slain president. Her research in the backwoods of Kentucky and Illinois uncovered the true story of Lincoln's childhood and youth. She vividly chronicled his rise to the presidency.

In 1900 Tarbell began to research the Standard Oil trust with the help of assistant, John Siddall. Tarbell began her interviews with Henry H. Rogers. Rogers had begun his career during the American Civil War in western Pennsylvania oil regions where Tarbell had grown up. In 1902 she conducted detailed interviews with the Standard Oil magnate.

Rogers, wily and normally guarded in matters related to business and finance, may have been under the impression her work was to be complimentary. He was apparently unusually forthcoming. However, Tarbell's interviews with Rogers formed the basis for her negative exposé of the business practices of industrialist John D. Rockefeller and the massive Standard Oil organization. Her work, which became known at the time as muckraking (now called investigative journalism), first ran as a series of articles in McClure's Magazine. The series was later published as a book, The History of the Standard Oil Company in 1904.

"Tarbell's biggest obstacle, however, was neither her gender nor Rockefeller's opposition. Rather, her biggest obstacle was the craft of journalism. She proposed to investigate Standard Oil and Rockefeller by using documents - hundreds of thousands of pages scattered throughout the nation - then fleshing out her findings through well-informed interviews with the company's current and former executives, competitors, government regulators, antitrust lawyers, and academic experts."

"And then, in an inspirational tale for journalists, Ida Tarbell went to work. Her History of the Standard Oil Company spotlighted Rockefeller's practices and mobilized the public. Readers nationwide awaited each chapter of the story, serialized in 19 installments by McClure's between 1902 and 1904."

Tarbell's look into the oil industry is known to have reinvented investigative reporting. Her stories on Standard Oil began in the November 1902 issue of McClure's and lasted for nineteen issues. She was meticulous in detailing Rockefeller's early interest in oil and how the industry began. After the series was over, she wrote a profile of Rockefeller, perhaps the first CEO profile ever. She also never actually ever even talked to Rockefeller though, or met him.

Tarbell developed investigative reporting tactics, digging into public documents across the country. Separately, these documents provided individual instances of Standard Oil's strong-arm tactics against rivals, railroad companies and others that got in its way. Organized by Tarbell into a cogent history, they became a damning portrayal of big business. Indeed, a subhead on the cover of Weinberg's book encapsulates it this way: "How a female investigative journalist brought down the world's greatest tycoon and broke up the Standard Oil monopoly."

Tarbell's reporting and writing of Standard Oil stood above everything else for two reasons. It was the first corporate coverage of its kind, and it attacked the business operations of Rockefeller, the best-known CEO in the country at the time. That a prominent person in American society could lead a company that used such unsavory operating tactics was eye-opening.

Tarbell disliked the muckracker label, and wrote an article "Muckraker or Historian", in which she justified her efforts for exposing the oil trust. She referred to

"this classification of muckraker, which I did not like. All the radical element, and I numbered many friends among them, were begging me to join their movements. I soon found that most of them wanted attacks. They had little interest in balanced findings. Now I was convinced that in the long run the public they were trying to stir would weary of vituperation, that if you were to secure permanent results the mind must be convinced."

Tarbell died of pneumonia at Bridgeport Hospital in Bridgeport, Connecticut on January 6, 1944, after being in the hospital since December 1943. She was 86.

• The Ida Tarbell House was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1993.

• Tarbell's exposé fueled negative public sentiment against Standard Oil and was a contributing factor in the U.S. government's antitrust actions against the Standard Oil Trust Company.

• In 2000 Tarbell was inducted into the National Women's Hall of Fame in Seneca Falls, New York.

• On September 14, 2002, the United States Postal Service issued a commemorative stamp honoring Tarbell as part of a series of four stamps honoring women journalists.

Notes

Books written by Ida Tarbell

Tarbell, Ida M. "All in the Day's Work. Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois PressTarbell, Ida M., "Peacemakers Blessed And Otherwise" The Macmillan Company,1922Tarbell,Ida M., "The Business of Being a Woman", The Macmillan Company, 1921Tarbell, Ida M., "He Knew Lincoln" Doubleday, Page & Company, 1909

Bibliography

• Roush, C.. (2008). "Taking on the Trust: The Epic Battle of Ida Tarbell and John D. Rockefeller". Review of medium_being_reviewed title_of_work_reviewed_in_italics. Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly, 85(2), 469-470. Retrieved October 27, 2009, from ABI/INFORM Global. (Document ID: 1567128041).
• Patricia Limerick and Brian Black. (2002, February 27). "Country forgets an old Big Oil lesson, and Enron results", USA TODAY, p. A.13. Retrieved October 27, 2009, from ProQuest National Newspapers Premier. (Document ID: 109773331).
• Steve Weinberg. (2001). "Ida Tarbell, patron saint", Columbia Journalism Review, 40(1), 29. Retrieved October 27, 2009, from ABI/INFORM Global. (Document ID: 73049835).
• New York Times Obituary
• Judith and William Serrin. Muckraking! The Journalism that Changed America, New York: The New York Press, 2002.

Further reading

• The History of the Standard Oil Company, 2 vols., Gloucester, Mass: Peter Smith, 1963 {1904}.
• Looking Out for Lean Years", "Cosmopolitan" Magazine (March 1933)
• All in The Days Work: An Autobiography, New York: Macmillan, 1939.
• Titan: The Life of John D. Rockefeller, Sr., Ron Chernow, London: Warner Books, 1998. and also was one of the very famous muckrakers.
• "Ida Tarbell Portrait of A Muckraker", Kathleen Brady, Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press
• Taking on the Trust: The Epic Battle of Ida Tarbell and John D. Rockefeller, Steve Weinberg, New York: W. W. Norton, 2008.
• Ida Tarbell: Pioneer Investigative Reporter, Barbara A. Somervill, Greensboro, nc : M. Reynolds., c2002