Maruyama was a native of Nagano Prefecture and a graduate of the 23rd class of the Imperial Japanese Army Academy in 1911 and of the 31st class of the Army War College in 1919. He was a military attaché to the United Kingdom from 1923—1925, and to British India from 1929-1930. On his return to Japan, he was assigned to the Imperial Japanese Army General Staff, in charge of British and American military intelligence. He returned to England from 1934—1935, and was assigned to the Japanese embassy in London.

After his promotion to colonel in 1935, Maruyama returned to the General Staff in Tokyo. From 1937-1938, he was commander of the 4th Regiment of the Imperial Guards. With the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War, he was a field commander during the China Incident of July 1937. In 1938, he was promoted to major general, and assigned command of the IJA 6th Infantry Brigade.

As lieutenant general and commander of the IJA 2nd Division, Maruyama and his division were deployed to Guadalcanal from September and October, 1942 in response to the Allied landings on the island. During the resulting Guadalcanal campaign, Maruyama led troops during the October 1942 Matanikau action and the subsequent Battle for Henderson Field, in which Maruyama's troops were decisively defeated. Maruyama and the survivors of his division were evacuated from Guadalcanal in February, 1943 and he retired from active duty in 1944. He died on 11 November 1957.

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