Miller was raised in New York's Mohawk Valley, which led to a life-long interest in the Iroquois Indians. He pursued this as an amateur archaeologist and a member of the New York State Archaeological Association.

He received his M.S. in chemistry from Union College in Schenectady. He subsequently worked as a technical writer for General Electric in the 1940s, and for the Fisher Scientific Company in Pittsburgh from 1952 until his death.

Miller died October 13, 1974 in Blennerhassett Island, West Virginia. He was on an archaeological tour to the 'Fort Ancient Civilization' site west of Parkersburg at the time.

Miller wrote pulp science fiction beginning in the 1930s, and is considered one of the more popular authors of the period. His work appeared in such magazines as Amazing Stories, Astounding, Comet, The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction, Marvel Tales, Science Fiction Digest, Super Science Stories, Unknown, Weird Tales, and Wonder Stories, among others.

An active fan of others' work as well as an author, he is also known as an early bibliographer of Robert E. Howard's "Conan" stories in the 1930s, together with his friend John D. Clark.

Miller gradually shifted into book reviewing beginning in 1945, initially for Astounding Science Fiction and later for its successor, Analog. He began a regularly monthly review column in the former in October, 1951. As a critic he was notable for his enthusiasm for a wide coverage of the science fiction field. He was awarded a special Hugo Award for book reviews in 1963.

His extensive collection of papers, maps, books and periodicals, accumulated largely as a result of his review work, was donated to the Carnegie Museum after his death by his sister Mary E. Drake. They now form the basis of the P. Schuyler Miller Memorial Library at the Edward O'Neill Research Center in Pittsburgh.

Short Fiction

• "The Red Plague" (Jul. 1930)
• "Dust of Destruction" (Feb. 1931)
• "Through the Vibrations" (May 1931)
• "Cleon of Yzdral" (Jul. 1931)
• "The Man from Mars" (Sum. 1931)
• "The Arhennius Horror" (Sep. 1931)
• "Tetrahedra of Space" (Nov. 1931)
• "Red Spot on Jupiter" (1931) (with Paul McDermott and Walter Dennis)
• "Duel on the Asteroid" (Jan. 1932) (with Paul McDermott and Walter Dennis)
• "Forgotten" (also known as "The Forgotten Man of Space") (Apr. 1933)
• "Red Flame of Venus" (Sep. 1932)
• "Jeremiah Jones, Alchemist" (May 1933)
• "Alicia in Blunderland" (1933)
• "The Atom Smasher" (Jan. 1934)
• "The Pool of Life" (Oct. 1934)
• "The Titan" (Win. 1934-35)
• "The People of the Arrow" (Jul. 1935)
• "The Chrysalis" (Apr. 1936)
• "The Sands of Time" (Apr. 1937)
• "Coils of Time" (May 1939)
• "Pleasure Trove" (Aug. 1939)
• "Spawn" (Aug. 1939)
• "In the Good Old Summertime" (Mar. 1940)
• "Living Isotopes" (May 1940)
• "The Flayed Wolf" (Jul. 1940)
• "Old Man Mulligan" (Dec. 1940)
• "Trouble on Tantalus" (Feb. 1941)
• "Bird Walk" (Apr. 1941)
• "Over the River" (Apr. 1941)
• "The Facts of Life" (May 1941)
• "Smugglers of the Moon" (May 1941)
• "The Frog" (Oct. 1942)
• "The Cave" (Jan. 1943)
• "John Cawder's Wife" (May 1943)
• "The Hounds of Kalimar" (Jun. 1943)
• "Gleeps" (Jul. 1943)
• "Fricassee in Four Dimensions" (Dec. 1943)
• "As Never Was" (Jan. 1944)
• "Cuckoo" (May 1944)
• "Plane and Fancy" (Jul. 1944)
• "Ship-in-a-Bottle" (Jan. 1945)
• "Ghost" (Jul. 1946)
• "The Thing on Outer Shoal" (Sep. 1947)
• "Daydream" (1949)
• "Status Quondam" (1951)
• "For Analysis" (Nov. 1958)

Verse

• "Man's Question" (Jun. 1931)
• "Meteor" (Aug. 1931)
• "Space" (Feb. 1933)

Novels

• Genus Homo (1941, rv.1950) (with L. Sprague de Camp)

Collections

• The Titan (1952)