"What we now call "finance" is, I hold, an intellectual perversion of what began as warm human love." -- Robert Graves
For the rugby footballer and coach of the same name, see Robert Graves
Robert Ranke Graves (24 July 1895 — 7 December 1985) was an English poet, translator and novelist. During his long life he produced more than 140 works. Graves' poems ... together with his translations and innovative interpretations of the Greek Myths, his memoir of his early life, including his role in the First World War, Good-bye to All That, and his historical study of poetic inspiration, The White Goddess ... have never been out of print.
He earned his living from writing, particularly popular historical novels such as I, Claudius; King Jesus; The Golden Fleece; and Count Belisarius. He also was a prominent translator of Classical Latin and Ancient Greek texts; his versions of The Twelve Caesars and The Golden Ass remain popular today for their clarity and entertaining style. Graves was awarded the 1934 James Tait Black Memorial Prize for both I, Claudius and Claudius the God.
"A remarkable thing about Shakespeare is that he is really very good in spite of all the people who say he is very good.""A well chosen anthology is a complete dispensary of medicine for the more common mental disorders, and may be used as much for prevention as cure.""Anthropologists are a connecting link between poets and scientists; though their field-work among primitive peoples has often made them forget the language of science.""Genius not only diagnoses the situation but supplies the answers.""If I were a girl, I'd despair. The supply of good women far exceeds that of the men who deserve them.""If there's no money in poetry, neither is there poetry in money.""In love as in sport, the amateur status must be strictly maintained.""Marriage, like money, is still with us; and, like money, progressively devalued.""Never use the word 'audience.' The very idea of a public, unless the poet is writing for money, seems wrong to me. Poets don't have an 'audience'. They're talking to a single person all the time.""One gets to the heart of the matter by a series of experiences in the same pattern, but in different colors.""Prose books are the show dogs I breed and sell to support my cat.""The remarkable thing about Shakespeare is that he really is very good, in spite of all the people who say he is very good.""There's no money in poetry, but then there's no poetry in money, either.""To be a poet is a condition rather than a profession."
Graves was born into a middle-class family in Wimbledon in south London. He was the third of five children born to Alfred Perceval Graves (1846—1931), a school inspector, Gaelic scholar, and the author of the popular song 'Father O'Flynn'; and his second wife, Amalie von Ranke (1857—1951). Graves's aristocratic mother was the eldest daughter of Heinrich Ranke, professor of medicine at the University of Munich, and his wife, Luise. She was also a great-niece of the German historian Leopold von Ranke. Robert Graves' eldest half-brother was Philip Perceval Graves, who achieved note as a journalist. A younger brother was the writer and journalist Charles Patrick Graves.
Education
Graves received his early education at two independent schools: King's College School in Wimbledon and Copthorne Preparatory School near Crawley in West Sussex. In 1909 he won a scholarship to the independent Charterhouse School in Godalming in Surrey, where he disliked many of his fellow scholars, and thought little of his teachers. He became a school-boxing champion in two weights (welter and middle) and began to write poetry. In 1914 he attended St John's College at the University of Oxford, to which he won an exhibition (a form of scholarship).
First World War
At the outbreak of World War I in August 1914, Graves enlisted almost immediately, taking a commission in the Royal Welch Fusiliers (RWF). He published his first volume of poems, Over the Brazier, in 1916. He developed an early reputation as a war poet, and was one of the first to write realistic poems about his experience of front-line conflict. In later years he omitted his war poems from his collections, on the grounds that they were too obviously "part of the war poetry boom". At the Battle of the Somme he was so badly wounded by a shell-fragment through the lung that he was expected to die, and indeed was officially reported as having died of wounds. He gradually recovered, however, and apart from a brief spell back in France, he spent the remainder of the war in England.
One of Graves's very close friends at this time was the poet Siegfried Sassoon who ... like Graves ... was an officer in the RWF. In 1917 Sassoon tried to rebel against the war by making a public anti-war statement. Graves, who feared Sassoon could face a court martial, intervened with the military authorities and persuaded them that he was suffering from shell shock, and to treat him accordingly. As a result Sassoon was sent to Craiglockhart, the military hospital near Edinburgh, where he was treated by Dr. W. H. R. Rivers and met fellow patient Wilfred Owen. Graves also suffered from shell shock, or neurasthenia as it was sometimes called, although he was never hospitalised for it.
The friendship between Graves and Sassoon was documented in Graves' letters and biographies, and the story is fictionalised in Pat Barker's novel Regeneration. The intensity of their early relationship is demonstrated in Graves's collection Fairies and Fusiliers (1917), which contains a plethora of poems celebrating their friendship. Sassoon himself remarked upon a "heavy sexual element" within it, an observation supported by the sentimental nature of much of the surviving correspondence between the two men. Through Sassoon, Graves also became friends with Wilfred Owen, whose talent he recognised. Owen attended Graves's wedding to Nancy Nicholson in 1918, presenting him, as Graves recalled, [with] "a set of twelve Apostle spoons, the thirteenth, he joked, had been shot for cowardice".
Post-war period
Following his marriage and the end of the First World War, Graves belatedly took up his place at St John's College, Oxford to read English. He later attempted to make a living by running a small shop, but the business soon failed. In 1926 he took up a post at Cairo University, accompanied by his wife, their children, and the poet Laura Riding. He returned to London briefly, where he split up with his wife under quite highly emotional circumstances (at one point Riding attempted suicide) before leaving to live with Riding in Deiŕ, Majorca. There they continued to publish letterpress books under the rubric of the Seizin Press, founded and edited the literary journal, Epilogue; they also wrote two successful academic books together: A Survey of Modernist Poetry (1927) and A Pamphlet Against Anthologies (1928); both had great influence on modern literary criticism, particularly new criticism.
Literary career
In 1927 also, he published Lawrence and the Arabs, a commercially successful biography of T. E. Lawrence. Good-bye to All That (1929, revised by him and republished in 1957) proved a success but cost him many of his friends, notably Siegfried Sassoon. In 1934 he published his most commercially successful work, I, Claudius. Using classical sources he constructed a complex and compelling tale of the life of the Roman emperor Claudius, a tale extended in the sequel Claudius the God (1935). Another historical novel by Graves, Count Belisarius (1938), recounts the career of the Byzantine general Belisarius.
Graves and Riding left Majorca in 1936 at the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War, and in 1939, they moved to the United States, taking lodging in New Hope, Pennsylvania. Their volatile relationship was described in non-fiction by Richard Perceval Graves in Robert Graves: 1927—1940: the Years with Laura, and T.S. Matthews's Jacks or Better (1977). It was also the basis for Miranda Seymour's novel The Summer of '39 (1998).
After returning to England, Graves began a relationship with Beryl Hodge, then the wife of Alan Hodge, his collaborator on The Long Week-End (1941) and The Reader Over Your Shoulder (1943; republished in 1947 as The Use and Abuse of the English Language). In 1946 he and his new wife Beryl re-established a home in Deiŕ, Majorca. The house is now a museum. 1946 also saw the publication of the historical novel, King Jesus. He published The White Goddess in 1948 which gave rise to a form of, wholly invented, celtic astrology subsequently adopted by New Agers. He turned to science fiction with Seven Days in New Crete (1949), and in 1953 he published The Nazarene Gospel Restored with Joshua Podro.
In 1955, he published The Greek Myths, containing translations and interpretations. His translations are well respected and continue to dominate the English-language market for mythography. Many of his unconventional interpretations and etymologies are dismissed by classicists, but have provoked more research into the topics he raised. Graves in turn dismissed the reactions of classical scholars, arguing that by definition they lacked the poetic capacity to forensically examine mythology. He published a volume of short stories, Catacrok! Mostly Stories, Mostly Funny, in 1956. In 1961 he became Professor of Poetry at Oxford, a post he held until 1966.
In 1967, Robert Graves published, together with Omar Ali-Shah, a new translation of the Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam. The translation quickly became controversial; Graves was attacked for trying to break the spell of famed passages in Edward FitzGerald's Victorian translation, and L. P. Elwell-Sutton, an Orientalist at Edinburgh University, maintained that the manuscript used by Ali-Shah and Graves — which Ali-Shah and his brother Idries Shah claimed had been in their family for 800 years — was a forgery. The translation was a critical disaster, and Graves' reputation suffered severely due to what the public perceived as his gullibility in falling for the Shah brothers' deception.
From the 1960s until his death, Robert Graves frequently exchanged letters with Spike Milligan. Many of their letters to each other are collected in the book, Dear Robert, Dear Spike.
On 11 November 1985, Graves was among 16 Great War poets commemorated on a slate stone unveiled in Westminster Abbey's Poet's Corner. The inscription on the stone was written by friend and fellow Great War poet Wilfred Owen. It reads: "My subject is War, and the pity of War. The Poetry is in the pity." Of the 16 poets, Graves was the only one still living at the time of the commemoration ceremony.
Death
During the early 1970s Graves began to suffer from increasingly severe memory loss, and by his eightieth birthday in 1975 he had come to the end of his working life. By this time he had published more than 140 works. He survived for ten more years in an increasingly dependent condition until he died from heart failure on 7 December 1985 aged 90. He was buried the next morning in the small churchyard on a hill at Deiŕ, on the site of a shrine which had once been sacred to The White Goddess of Pelion. His second wife Beryl Graves was buried with him on her own death on 27 October 2003.
Robert Graves had eight children: Jennie (who married journalist Alexander Clifford), David, Catherine (who married nuclear scientist Clifford Dalton), and Sam with Nancy Nicholson. With his second wife, Beryl Graves (1915—2003), he had William, Lucia (also a translator), Juan and Tomás (a writer and musician).
The Complete Poems in One Volume, ed. Beryl Graves and Dunstan Ward. Manchester: Carcanet Press, 2000.
Fiction
My Head! My Head!. London: Sucker, 1925; Alfred. A. Knopf, New York, 1925.
The Shout. London: Mathews & Marrot, 1929.
No Decency Left. (with Laura Riding) (as Barbara Rich). London: Jonathan Cape, 1932.
The Real David Copperfield. London: Arthur Barker, 1933; as David Copperfield, by Charles Dickens, Condensed by Robert Graves, ed. M. P. Paine. New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1934.
I, Claudius. London: Arthur Barker, 1934; New York: Smith & Haas, 1934.
Sequel: Claudius the God and his Wife Messalina. London: Arthur Barker, 1934; New York: Smith & Haas, 1935.
Antigua, Penny, Puce. Deyá, Majorca/London: Seizin Press/Constable, 1936; New York: Random House, 1937.
Count Belisarius. London: Cassell, 1938: Random House, New York, 1938.
Sergeant Lamb of the Ninth. London: Methuen, 1940; as Sergeant Lamb's America. New York: Random House, 1940.
Sequel: Proceed, Sergeant Lamb. London: Methuen, 1941; New York: Random House, 1941.
Wife to Mr. Milton. London: Cassell, 1943; as Wife to Mr Milton: The Story of Marie Powell. New York: Creative Age Press, 1944.
The Golden Fleece. London: Cassell, 1944; as Hercules, My Shipmate, New York: Creative Age Press, 1945.
King Jesus. New York: Creative Age Press, 1946; London: Cassell, 1946.
Watch the North Wind Rise. New York: Creative Age Press, 1949; as Seven Days in New Crete. London: Cassell, 1949.
The Islands of Unwisdom. New York: Doubleday, 1949; as The Isles of Unwisdom. London: Cassell, 1950.
Homer's Daughter. London: Cassell, 1955; New York: Doubleday, 1955.
They Hanged My Saintly Billy. London: Cassell, 1957; New York: Doubleday, 1957.
Collected Short Stories. Doubleday: New York, 1964; Cassell, London, 1965.
An Ancient Castle. London: Peter Owen, 1980.
Other works
On English Poetry. New York: Alfred. A. Knopf, 1922; London: Heinemann, 1922.
The Meaning of Dreams. London: Cecil Palmer, 1924; New York: Greenberg, 1925.
Poetic Unreason and Other Studies. London: Cecil Palmer, 1925.
Contemporary Techniques of Poetry: A Political Analogy. London: Hogarth Press, 1925.
Another Future of Poetry. London: Hogarth Press, 1926.
Impenetrability or The Proper Habit of English. London: Hogarth Press, 1927.
The English Ballad: A Short Critical Survey. London: Ernest Benn, 1927; revised as English and Scottish Ballads. London: William Heinemann, 1957; New York: Macmillan, 1957.
Lars Porsena or The Future of Swearing and Improper Language. London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner, 1927; E.P. Dutton, New York, 1927; revised as The Future of Swearing and Improper Language. London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner, 1936.
A Survey of Modernist Poetry (with Laura Riding). London: William Heinemann, 1927; New York: Doubleday, 1928.
Lawrence and the Arabs. London: Jonathan Cape, 1927; as Lawrence and the Arabian Adventure. New York: Doubleday, 1928.
A Pamphlet Against Anthologies (with Laura Riding). London: Jonathan Cape, 1928; as Against Anthologies. New York: Doubleday, 1928.
Mrs. Fisher or The Future of Humour. London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner, 1928.
Good-bye to All That: An Autobiography. London: Jonathan Cape, 1929; New York: Jonathan Cape and Smith, 1930; rev., New York: Doubleday, 1957; London: Cassell, 1957; Penguin: Harmondsworth, 1960.
But It Still Goes On: An Accumulation. London: Jonathan Cape, 1930; New York: Jonathan Cape and Smith, 1931.
T. E. Lawrence to His Biographer Robert Graves. New York: Doubleday, 1938; London: Faber & Faber, 1939.
The Long Weekend (with Alan Hodge). London: Faber & Faber, 1940; New York: Macmillan, 1941.
The Reader Over Your Shoulder (with Alan Hodge). London: Jonathan Cape, 1943; New York: Macmillan, 1943.
The White Goddess. London: Faber & Faber, 1948; New York: Creative Age Press, 1948; rev., London: Faber & Faber, 1952, 1961; New York: Alfred. A. Knopf, 1958.
The Common Asphodel: Collected Essays on Poetry 1922—1949. London: Hamish Hamilton, 1949.
Occupation: Writer. New York: Creative Age Press, 1950; London: Cassell, 1951.
The Nazarene Gospel Restored (with Joshua Podro). London: Cassell, 1953; New York: Doubleday, 1954.
The Greek Myths. London: Penguin, 1955; Baltimore: Penguin, 1955.
The Crowning Privilege: The Clark Lectures, 1954—1955. London: Cassell, 1955; New York: Doubleday, 1956.
Adam's Rib. London: Trianon Press, 1955; New York: Yoseloff, 1958.
Jesus in Rome (with Joshua Podro). London: Cassell, 1957.
Steps. London: Cassell, 1958.
5 Pens in Hand. New York: Doubleday, 1958.
Food for Centaurs. New York: Doubleday, 1960.
Greek Gods and Heroes. New York: Doubleday, 1960; as Myths of Ancient Greece. London: Cassell, 1961.
Selected Poetry and Prose (ed. James Reeves). London: Hutchinson, 1961.
Oxford Addresses on Poetry. London: Cassell, 1962; New York: Doubleday, 1962.
The Siege and Fall of Troy. London: Cassell, 1962; New York: Doubleday, 1963.
The Big Green Book. New York: Crowell Collier, 1962; Penguin: Harmondsworth, 1978. Illustrated by Maurice Sendak
Hebrew Myths. The Book of Genesis (with Raphael Patai). New York: Doubleday, 1964; London: Cassell, 1964.
Majorca Observed. London: Cassell, 1965; New York: Doubleday, 1965.
Mammon and the Black Goddess. London: Cassell, 1965; New York: Doubleday, 1965.
Two Wise Children. New York: Harlin Quist, 1966; London: Harlin Quist, 1967.
The Rubaiyyat of Omar Khayyam (with Omar Ali-Shah). London: Cassell, 1967.
Poetic Craft and Principle. London: Cassell, 1967.
The Poor Boy Who Followed His Star. London: Cassell, 1968; New York: Doubleday, 1969.
Greek Myths and Legends. London: Cassell, 1968.
The Crane Bag. London: Cassell, 1969.
On Poetry: Collected Talks and Essays. New York: Doubleday, 1969.
In Broken Images: Selected Letters 1914—1946, ed. Paul O'Prey. London: Hutchinson, 1982
Between Moon and Moon: Selected Letters 1946—1972, ed. Paul O'Prey. London: Hutchinson, 1984
Collected Writings on Poetry, ed. Paul O'Prey, Manchester: Carcanet Press, 1995.
Complete Short Stories, ed. Lucia Graves, Manchester: Carcanet Press, 1995.
Some Speculations on Literature, History, and Religion, ed. Patrick Quinn, Manchester: Carcanet Press, 2000.
An Anthology from X (Oxford University Press 1988). X ran from 1959—62. Edited by the poet David Wright & the painter Patrick Swift. Contributors include Graves, W.H. Auden, Samuel Beckett, et al.
